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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER.NY    14580 

(716)  073-4503 


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tm 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


M 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibllographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


I    ~]    Coloured  covers/ 
bZJ    Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


D 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur6e  et/ou  pelliculde 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


□ 


n 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black}/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 


ryj    Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 


along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 

distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  f^dded  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  >>    peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 


L'institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  p.  ut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reprcduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolories,  tachet^es  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  suppldmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellbment 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppidmentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmd  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


lOX 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

1 

y 

\ 

12X                              16X                              20X                              24X                             28X                             32X 

ails 

du 

difier 

une 

lage 


The  ccpv  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Columbia 

The  infages  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  filmA  fut  reproduit  grAca  A  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

Library  Division 

Provincial  Archives  of  British  Cnlumbui 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avsc  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  filmA,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrf^ted  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimis  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas,  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorued  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ♦>  (manning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ♦>  signifie   "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
differen't  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmds  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


rata 

3 


elure. 


3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

WASlllNCTON   TKHIIITOHV 


WKST   OF   THI'; 


CASCADE  MOUNTAINS, 


t'ONTAIMN<;   A    DKSCRII'TION   OF 


3^1'GP:T    so  TNI). 


AND  niVBRS  EMPTVING  INTO  IT. 


TlIK    I.OU  i:i{    (OI.IMIW  A.    >lll)AI,\VAI  Kl!     ISAV,     (;1{A>V^     IIAIM'.ol; 

TIMItKK,  I.AMtS.  CI.IMAI'K,    Klsil  i;i;  I  KS.    SHIl'    lill  l.lUN'fi. 

<  (lAl.  MINKS,  M  AI!Ki:i'  I!  i:i'(»l!  I>,  TliAKK.  I.AItOi;, 

I'orri. A  iKN.M  i;  vi  i  ii  aM)  itr.s(»i  i.'cks. 


15V  E.   MEKKHK. 


OIAMI'IA,  \V.  T.: 

IMtlNTKK  AT  TlIK  Tit  A  NSCUIi'T  dl'l-'K  K. 
18 /O. 


WASlIIXdTOX  TMKIirnillV 


hd  rf  fi\$  €ai^vafij?  '^ouulain^. 


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ao3sr'3:'E:srTS 


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son.  AN!)   (M.IM  ATK i:c 

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nslIKIMI.S ■:n 

\<ii:  riiiCKN  paciiic  i;aii,i;<i  M' jv: 

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Hi;  A  I, Til ;;iv 

lioiTKs -r 

MAIL  KOI  TKS :u> 

LANDS   AND  LAND  TITLKS ;;i( 

TliADK  OF  ITOiri    NOIND .!•.' 

silir  liLILDINfi :;4 

.\ I  A  M  1  A  (    r  i  ■  I ;  1  N  <  i :  ',-< 

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\VI  illDi;  WVAL  OK  LANDS .,1 

KASl'KKN  oiCKcoN   AND   \V  ASH  lN(i  IdN ji 


TEI^:iVi[S  : 


Sinj,'lc  cojiips,  post  paid  to  any  part  of  tlu'  IJiiti-d  Stati-.s.   '»()  cents 
cuiTiMicey.     A  liberal  discount  to  the  trade. 

Send  by  post  office  money  order,   or  l)y   re;;ist'jred   letter,  at   my 
risk. 

Address,  K.   .1I1:EKEK, 

Olyiiiiiin,  Waxltiii.^lou  Tci-rltorj'. 


\VAsiiiN(iTo\  ri:iiijiT(H;v 


f'.\<iK. 
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CASCADE  MOrXT AIN.S. 


{;()NT.\ININ<i    A    l»KS(  RUTION   OK 


PUGI]T    HOI   >;i> 


VIVO  RIVEHS  EHPTVINti  I\rO  IT. 


Tin;    I.OWKH    (JOl.UMIUA,    SHOALWAThK    BAY.    GKAV>     llAKIiOK. 

TIMBKH,  LANDS.  CLIMATE.   FISHERIKS.   SHIP   BLILDINO. 

COAL  MINE.S,  MARKET  REPOIJT?^.  TRADE.  LABOR. 

I'OPIJLATON,  WEALTH  AND  EKtu^irRCES. 


>:iitcfe(l  iiccotding  to  Ad  of  tluuttres,',  in  the  year  l>*n».  bv  E.  M-.'k.T.  in  tli< 
ofBri'  of  tlie  Lilirurinii  of  ('on?re^-.  at  Wai'lii'nalon 


J3y   f.    Meeker 


OLVMl'lA.  \V.  T.: 
I '  |{  I  \  T  K I )   \  T  \'H  K  TH  A  Xsr  i;  I  pj  opK  I  r  K 
1870. 


«i? 


T 


With  but  one  inhabitaul  to  eight  hundred  acres*,  and  with  lews 
than  one  per  cent,  of  the  soil  ii)  cultivation,  Washington  Territorj 
presents  a  hirge  field  for  enterprise  and  industry.  Comparatively  un- 
known, and  until  recently  unhee  led,  the  progress  of  settlement  has 
been  slow.  The  purchase  ot  Alaska,  and  following  upon  that  the  cer- 
tain develo|)ment  of  the  great  fisheries  of  the  northwest  coast,  together 
with  the  admirable  facilities  for  Khip  building,  have  all  combined  to 
hasten  the  development  of  this  region. 

Since  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  ha\  e  begun  in  earn- 
est to  build  their  road,  already  employing  a  numerous  force  in  grading 
upon  the'.r  eastern  terminus,  and  have  sent  out  a  large  corps  of  en- 
ginefjiv,  X.0  locate  the  road  from  Paget  Sound  eastward,  an  inquiry  has 
s])rung  up  respecting  this  hitherto  comparatively  unknown  region  that 
requires  something  more  than  individual  efforts  to  satisfy.  I'liis  book 
is  offered  to  the  public  with  a  hope  that  it  may  supply  the  information 
sought,  in  a  compact  form  suitable  for  transmission  through  the  nniils 
to  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  great  aim  has  been  fj  avoid  over- 
drawn statements,  and  to  give  the  resources  as  thej  are,  as  far  .m  it 
has  been  possible  to  obtain  statistics  and  information. 


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WASIllMITilN  TKllllITOIIY 


Wt^i  of  tlj^  (Fn^rab^  fltlmiitlniit^^ 


(iESERAL  DHSC/PTION. 

rhal  portion  of  WasSiIngtou  I'onitorv  West  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
liiins.  which  is  •(OiiKtimi.-s  known  as  Wfstt'rn  Washington,  is  bounded 
on  the  North  by  the  40th  paniliei  of  North  latitude,  to  the  niiddh-  of 
the  channel  which  separates  the  continent  from  Vancouver  Island; 
thence  Southerly  throu},'h  the  middle  of  said  channel  and  of  Fuca's 
Straits,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean;  on  the  West,  by  tiie  I'acific  Ocean  ;  the 
I'Xtreme  Western  limits,  naching  to  lonj^itude  47"  41'  West  from 
Washington  ;  on  the  South,  by  the  middle  of  tlie  channel  of 
the  Columbia  river,  the  most  Southern  point  being  in  North  latitude 
1.}°  .'];}' ;  and  on  the  East,  by  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  range  of  Moun- 
tains, e.vte))ding  Eastward  approximate,  ly  to  longitude  44"  .'JO'. 

Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  the  extreme  limits  extend  over  nearly  four 
di'grees  of  hatitude  and  three  of  longitude.  While  the  square  contained 
in  these  limits  w(<uld  embrace  an  area  of  ."J."), 224  square  miles,  the  actual 
:irea  will  approximate  oidy  to  2'),.j()0.  in  coi-.sequence  of  Vancouver 
Island  extending  South  of  the  4i»ih  [larallel  of  latitude,  by  the  delieetion 
of  the  coast  iini'  from  a  true  North  and  South,  of  nearly  one-half  a  de- 
gree of  hjugitutie,  making  the  Northern  boundary  that  much  longer 
than  the  Southern  ;  and  again,  by  the  Columbia  river  turning  sharply 
to  the  North  for  thirty  miles  from  the  point  where  the  Willamette  falls 
into  that  river,  and  then  again  turning  abruptly  to  the  West,  thus  cut- 
ilng  ofl'  a  large  area  from  our  South-West  corner.  While  the  Eastern 
boundary  line  is  228  miles,  the  Western,  or  coast  line  is  but  148,  in  con- 
sequence of  this  inroad  made  by  Vancouver  Island,  and  the  deflection 
to  the  North  of  the  Columbia  river  as  i)efore  stateil. 

That  portion  of  the  State  of  Oregon  West  of  the  Cascade  range 
lies  adjoining,  to  the  South,  and  British  Columbia  to  the  North.  It 
will  be  seen  by  this  that  until  the  recent  purchase  by  our  government 
of  the  Russian  Territory  Alaska,  that  this  region  embraced  the  extreme 
North-West  litnits  of  tlie  I  m'ted  States. 

In  a  political  point  ot  view,  it  will  probably  soon  enjoy  the  same 
notoriety,  as  Alaska  no  doubt  will  !)e  joined  to  Washington  for  govern- 
mental purposes. 

I'he  basin  of  Puget  Sound,  and  the  country  lying  to  the  South  and 
extending  to  the  Columbia  Kiver,  is  but  a  continuation  of  the  ^Villam- 
ilte  Valley,  of  Oregon,  having  the  same  general  width,  bounded  by  the 


(i 


W'AsiiiNCiroN  ri.uunoiiY 


Huiiif  uiituml  burrii'iH,  thi-  ('aHciifk'  uiul  ConHt  Uiiii^i'  of  Moiiiitaiim, 
tiikinji:  'Ik*  nuiiic  j,'fm'iiil  coiiisc  for  mi  u>i;j;it'>,Mtf  diHlaiici'  of  lu-arly  four 
liimdrt'd  iiiilf*.  atul  ciu'li  rcniovcd  from  tin-  coiist,  Kiiy  on  nii  avt'ram'  of 
fifty  miles.  Tlu'  inaf;iiiHiHi\t  valli-y  of  ilic  Willaiiu'tli',  witli  itn  l)road 
and  fertile  prairii-n.  we  do  not  view  with  a  jeahtns  I'yc,  well  knowing; 
that  in  the  no  distant  future,  her  wealth  and  power  will  onlv  inereane 
that  of  the  Sound  rej,'ion.  We  have  called  to  mind  that  valfey  in  eon- 
(♦equenee  of  the  relative  eoiiliiruration  of  tin-  two,  seeniin;,'ly  Hcparati'd 
only  by  the  broad  cliannel  of  the  Columliia.  While  that  of  the  Wil- 
lamette is  mainly  jirairie,  the  rejj;i.»n  North  of  the  Columbia  is  priiici- 
pallj  timber. 

Three  genei-ul  divisions  or  characteristics  may  be  noted  to  embrace 
all  the  variations  of  soil  and  expi>sure  of  this  re^ion,  viz  ; 

1.     The  mountuinouK,  or  that   which  from  its  altitude  HcemH  inae- 
ceHsiblc. 

U.     The  lower  fool -hills  and  table  lands. 

.'i.     The  liver  bottoms  and  tide  lands  adjacent. 

The  mountaino\is  re^'ion  end)races  an  area  equal  to  one-fourth  of 
the  whole.  'I'he  mountains,  u|)  to  the  ])erpetual  snow  line,  beiiif^  co''ered 
with  forests  of  niaffnificent  timlier,  thai  here  I'li'r  will  in  ])art  be  made 
available  by  the  ehainiels  of  the  'ivers  which  rise  in  the  mountains  «ud 
flow  into  the  Sound,  as  the  timber  nearer  the  navif^able  waters  is  con- 
sumed, and  prices  advance  in  consequence  sufHcienl  to  warrant  the  in- 
creased expense.  The  soil  is  clay  an<l  f;ravel.  witli])atches  of  vej^etable 
mould  here  urul  tliere.  cnveriujj;  the  underlying'  strata.  In  other  e.vjjos- 
ures  the  bare  rocks  rise  to  the  surface,  but  seldom  interfere  with  the 
growth  of  timber. 

The  general  course  of  the  Cascade  Uange  is  nearly  due  North  and 
South,  and  traverse  the  whole  length  of  the  Territory  in  an  un- 
broken chain,  the  Wcstc'rn  slojx',  the  great  water-shed,  furnishing  tin 
fountain-head  of  nearly  all  the  rivers  of  nott-  falling  into  the  lower  Co- 
lumbia or  the  Sound. 

I'irst  come  the  North  and  South  forks  of  ],ewi,s  river,  rising  South 
of  Mt.  St.  Helens,  in  the  extreme  Southern  part  of  the  Territory,  and 
Howing  a  Utth'  South  of  West,  fii\ally  joining  their  waters  together 
about  five  miles  from  the  mouth,  and  emptying  into  the  Columliia  a  lit- 
tle aliove  the  town  of  St.  Helens,  on  the  opposite  bank,  and  seventy- 
five  miles  from  the  ocean.  Next,  to  the  North,  are  the  head-waters  of 
the  Cowlitz,  rising  to  the  North  of  St.  Helens  and  between  that  and 
Mt.  Ilanier,  and  Hows  in  a  South-Weslerly  direction  a  distance  of  sev- 
enty-five miles;  then  turning  siiar[)ly  to  the  South  for  twenty-five  miles, 
empties  into  the  Columbia  abreast  the  town  of  Ilanier  on  the  opjiositi' 
side  of  the  river,  and  sixty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  last  river. 
Rising  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  head-waters  of  the  (Jowlitz  and 
starting  from  a  jioint  a  little  further  to  the  Ivistward,  and  closer  up  to 
Mt.  Ilanier,  is  the  Nisqually,  which  flows  in  a  North-Westerly  direction 
for  eighty  miles,  receiving  numerou.s  smaller  streams,  and  finally  emji- 
ties  into  Paget  Sound  seven  miles  South-West  of  Steilacoom  and  eleven 
from  Olympia,  being  almost  on  a  direct  line  biitween  these  towns. 

The  Chehalis'  head  waters  are  found  forty  miles  North-East  of 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  lliver,  running  East  for  fifteen  miles  re- 
ceives the  Newaukum  river ;  thence  nearly  due  North  five  miles  ,ind  is 


if  MouiitaiiiN, 
if  iii'iirly  four 
[in  avt'iajfe  of 
ill)  itH  1)1011(1 
iVi'll  kiniwiiif; 
)iily  iiK'renHi' 
lalli'V  in  con- 
<lv  HcparutiMl 
of  tin-  \Vil- 
l)ia  is  priiK'i- 

d  to  iMiihraoi' 

HotniH  inac- 


one-fourth  «)f 
icinf^  co''cre(I 
)url  hv.  niadi' 
Kiiintains  unii 
atcrs  is  con- 
inant  ihv  in- 
1  of  VL'{;('tal)lc 
other  ix])os- 
tVre  with  thr 

ic  Nortli  and 
y  in  an  un- 
urnisliing  tin 
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risinj;  South 
"I'rritor}',  und 
l(>r.s  tof^other 
jhini))ia  a  lit- 
und  sovL'nty- 
?ad-watrrN  of 
c'lMi   that  and 

UlllCL'   of   SL'V- 

ty-fivc  mill's, 

thi."  o[)i)ositi 

ic  last  liver. 

■  (Cowlitz  and 

1  closer  up  to 

■rly  direction 

finally  enip- 

m  and  eleven 

towns. 

sorth-Kasl  of 
;en  miles  re- 
miles  and  is* 


WKST  OK   rill-  CASCADK  MOl  NTAINS.  •; 

joined  l)y  the  Skookum  Chuck,  iioth  of  lln'si'  lastrlvirH  come  in  from 
the  Ivist  and  head  in  the  foot-liilU  of  the  Cascade  Muuntain»<,  l)i't\veen 
the  headwaters  of  tin?  \is(pially  and  the  Cowlitz,  just  described.  l-Vom 
the  mouth  of  the  Skookum  Ciuick  the  Chehidis  turns  .ihrujjtly,  tirn 
Xorth-W'ist,  and  then  \N'est,  and  empties  into  (iia)'s  llarhor.  fifteen 
miles  from  tiie  I'aeific  Ocean,  and  fifty  North  of  the  Coliunhia,  havir^ 
traversed  hy  its  chaimel  alxtut  eighty  miles,  although  it  is  hut  t'  iity- 
two  miles  from  the  head-waters  to  the  moutli,  in  a  straij^ht  lin  Nu- 
merous smaller  streaie  fall  into  the  Chchalis  at  intervals,  and  in  the 
a;;j;re);ate  make  a    :  >  •  n  of  }j;reat  importuiuje. 

Next  to  the  North  from  the  Nisqually,  and  risinu;  from  the  Westtiii 
spurs  of  },.  Itaiiier,  comcH  the  I'uyallup,  llowin^  foi  forty  miles  in  tie 
same  j^cneral  direction  as  the  Nis(pially,  and  distant  from  it  twenty-five 
miles,  joining;  the  wi'.ters  of  the  Sound  m  that  part  known  as  Commence- 
ment Hay,  hi.'in;;  the  South-West  part  of  the  inland  sea  named  on  the 
charts  as  Admiralty  Inlet,  hut  here  popularly  known  as  I'uj^et  Sound. 
Imnu'diately  to  the  North  of  the  head-waters  of  this  last  named  river, 
and  in  close  proximity,  we  find  the  fountain-head  of  White  river,  fiow- 
in;,'  in  the  same  ;;eneral  direction  for  forty  miles,  ami  at  an  averaj^e  dis- 
tance of  not  '.uore  than  nine  miles  from  the  Peyallup,  losinj;  a  portion 
of  its  water  through  the  channel  called  Stuck,  that  falls  into  the  I'uy- 
allup, then  tiirniuf,' sharply  to  the  North,  r<ciives Green  river  five  miles 
heluw  where  Stuck  had  left  it,  and  which  move  than  compensates  for  its 
loss;  twelve  mill's  further  on,  it  forms  a  junction  with  Black  river,  and 
here  assumes  the  name  of  the  Duwamisii;  then  lieariu^  more  to  the 
.North-Westerly  ten  miles  fiirtlur,  and  em|)ties  into  I'illioi  Hay,  an  arm 
of  I'uget  Sounil,  threi'  miles  South  of  the  town  of  Seattle,  and  distant 
from  the  mouth  of  the  I'uyallup  twenty-two  miles,  in  nearly  a  due  North 
course. 

'riie  waters  of  Cedar  river  find  the  same  outlet,  havinj^  emptied 
into  Hlack  river,  deriving  its  f(Muitain  lu'ad  from  this  same  range  of 
mountains  forty  miles  to  the  l"'astward. 

Tlie  next  river  of  note  is  the  Snoipialmie,  from  which  that  famous 
jjass  through  the  mountains,  for  wagon  and  railroad,  derives  its  namej 
rising  near  tlie  summit,  in  latitude  47°  2H',  and  at  an  altitude  of  only 
tliree  thousand  feet  aljiive  the  ocean  level,  Hows  nearly  due  Hast  twenty 
miles  or  more,  receives  accessions  I'rom  the  North-lvist,  and  makes  that 
desj)erat<!  leap  of  two  hundred  and  seventy  feet,  the  wonder  of  the 
coast,  the  Niagara  of  the  Pacific.  Afterwards,  this  river  assum.'s  the 
name  of  Snohomish,  flows  in  a  North- Westerly  direction  for  forty  imIcs, 
and  joins  the  waters  of  the  Sound  abreast  the  Southern  end  of  Whid- 
by's  Island,  and  North  of  the  outlet  of  the  Duwamish  thirty-two  miles, 
and  six  miles  Ivist,  as  the  bay  has  Iwrniithat  much  to  the  Eastward. 

A  small  river  called  the  Statukwhamish,  nearly  forty  miles  in  length, 
and  flowing  West,  after  dividing  its  waters  five  miles  from  the  mouth, 
continue  in  the  same  general  course,  enclosing  a  strip  of  land  five  miles  by 
one  and  a  half,  ami  finally  join  the  waters  of  the  bay  sixteen  miles 
north-west  of  the  mouth  of  the  Snohomisli,  abreast  the  Northern  end 
of  Cainano  Island,  and  a  little  North  of  the  latitude  of  Port  Townsend 
on  the  op])osite  side  of  the  Sound. 

Next  comes  the  river  Sliagitt,  the  largest  and  most  important  of  all, 
the  accumulated  waters  of  which  are  said  to  exceed  that  of  the  Willam- 


■  ft.  I 


■  ilfl^flv,r^HlHfy 


VVASUIXGTON  TKR1HT011\ 


ette,  gathcriiiji^  its  fount.tiu  ivatcvs  from  tlic  very  summit  of  tlic  moun- 
tains, and  embracing  a  full  defi;rou  of  latitude  of  drainage  along-  tlu 
range,  and  drawing  a  part  from  Britisii  Columbia  on  the  Xorth,  flows 
in  the  main  a  little  South-Westerly,  dividing  seven  miles  from  the  hay. 
joins  the  Sound  by  two  separate  channels,  seven  miles  apart,  after  hav- 
ing traversed  a  region  of  nearly  one  hundred  miles  in  length.  Thi- 
junction  of  tin;  Southern  channel  with  the  bay,  is  in  latitude  4.o°  2'.V. 
and  hence  liut  fifty  mill's  from  our  Xorthern  boundary,  and  a  little 
South  of  the  extreme  point  of  Vancouver  Island. 

Nu.Kt,  and  last,  on  the  East  side  of  the  Sound  is  the  Nooksahk  or 
Lummi,  rising  to  the  Xorth-West  of  Mt,  IJaker,  flowing,  first,  to  th< 
\orth-West  for  tliirty  miles,  then  curving  sharply  to  the  South- Wesl 
and  at  right  angle-  witii  its  former  course,  continues  for  sixteeen  miles, 
and  finally  divides,  di'livering  the  most  of  its  waters  into  the  North  end 
of  Bellingham  liny,  and  the  balance  into  Lummi  Bay  some  three  miles 
to  the  Westward,  making  the  aggregate  length  of  this  river  al)out  forty- 
six  miles. 

These  rivus.  which  have  beeii  enumerated,  do  not  comprise  mori 
than  half  of  liie  mountain  rivers  West  of  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
although  by  far  the  most  important,  as  those  rising  in  the  Olympic 
Mountains,  ;ind  emptying  into  the  Sound  on  the  oiie  side,  and  on  tlu 
other  into  the  Pacific  Ocean,  an;  far  slioilei'  in  tueir  course,  are  con- 
fined more  to  the-  mountain  side,  and  have  less  of  alhnial  bottoms  u[)on 
which  to  rely  for  arable  land. 

The  ann)unt  of  arable  land  to  each  of  these  river  bottoms,  the  depth 
and  width  of  their  channels,  together  with  the  extent  to  which  they  arc 
navigable,  will  all  be  noted  under  the  ai/[)ropriate  heading. 

Our  mountainous,  or  fir.-t  division,  allhougli  occupying  so  large  an 
area,  is  not  without  some  atteudanl  advantages  ;  the  furnishing  the  ma- 
terial for  our  Naluablc  alluvial  bottoms  and  tide  land,  of  this  last,  which 
it  is  estimated  thai  there  are  one  hundred  thousand  acres  on  the  East 
shore  line  of  tin-  Sound  alone,  the  avenui's  of  inland  navigation  of  thes.- 
mountain  rivers,  and  the  further  reaching  advantages  of  vast  and  inex- 
haustible quantities  of  timi»er,  that  can  be  made  available  through  their 
channels,  not  to  say  anything  of  the  climatic  influence  of  this  grand 
range  of  mountains,  deflecting  the  Southern  and  warmer  inx'ezes  ol 
winter  along  our  coast  line,  giving  us  a  climate  in  winter  as  mild  as 
points  on  the  Atlantic  near  seven  degrees  South  of  us. 

"  The  foot  hills,  or  clay  loam  district,  is  much  more  extensive  than 
oui'  people  generally  suppose.  A  tract  of  it  extends  around  the  entire 
Olympian  range,  with  very  limited  exceptions.  Along  the  Straits  and 
Hood's  Canal  it  may  for  a  short  distance  he  wanting;  on  the  western 
and  Soutln'rn  slojjes  it  is  quHe  extensive.  East  of  the  Sound,  and 
along  the  foot  of  the  Cascades,  it  is  quite  extensive,  and  probably 
reaclies  South  to  the  Columbia  lliver.  But  th(  greatclay  loam  district 
lies  between  the  Chehalis  river  and  the  Columbia.  It  also  inehides 
Lewis  county,  and  the  emigrant  will  bear  me  out  in  the  conclusion  that 
one-half  of  the  surface  of  our  Territory  West  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, is  a  slrinig  brown  clay  loam,  fertile  ami  productive,  eminently 
calculated,  when  cleared  uj)  and  judiciously  farmed,  to  make,  in  our 
equable  climate,  a  good  wheat  growing  country,  as  well  as  all  other  ce- 
reals,     ft  may  Ije   objertfd  that  this  section   may  be   considerably  bro- 


of  the  niouu 
ige  along  tin 

Aoi'th,  iiows 
From  thf  buy. 
ut.  after  hav- 

leiigth.  Tlu 
tude  4J°  2;i'. 
V.  ami  a  littlf 

Xooksahk  or 
,  first,  to  th( 
b>  South- West 
ixteeeii  miles, 
.he  North  oiul 
e  three  miles 
■r  ahout  forty- 

omi)rise  more 
e  Mountains, 
the  Olympic 
>,  and  on  tlu 
lU'se,  are  con- 
bottoms  upon 

ms,  the  depth 
khich  they  art 

r 

ig'  so  large  an 
hing  the  ma- 
is  last,  whiel' 
s  on  the  East 
ition  of  these 
ast  and  inex- 
through  theii 
of  ihis  grand 
er  breezes  ot 
er  as   mild  as 

xtensive  than 
uul  the  entire 
e   Straits  and 

the  western 
Sound,  and 
ind   p'o'o-.ibly 

loam  district 
also  includes 
inclusion  ihal 
ascade  Moun- 
ve.  eminently 
make,  in  our 
s  all  other  ce- 
siih'rablv  bro- 


WEST  OF  THK  CASCADK  MOUNTAINS.  » 

ken  by  ridges,  but  the  excellent  and  enduring  quality  of  the  soil  being 
composed  of  decompost-d  basalt,  which  is  considered  by  agricultural 
writers  as  an  enduring  ba«is  for  farming,  will  amply  compensate  for  its  un- 
even surface,  liy  upheaval  this  district  has  been  raised  above  the  level 
of  the  boulder  formation,  and  many  of  its  ridges  penetrate  the  drift, 
reaching  nearly  to  the  Sound  The  traveh-r  along  the  Portland  stage 
road  from  Skookum  Chuck  to  Oiynij)ia,  listening  to  'he  grating  of  the 
carriage  wheels  along  the  gravely  plains,  is  prol)ably  unaware  that  on 
either  side,  to  an  indefinite  extent,  the  ridges  more  especially  East  of 
the  road,  are  generally  free  from  gravel,  and  are  well  calculated  in  the 
no  distant  future  to  amply  repay  the  toils  of  the  husbandman. 

"  The  boulder  district  lies  mainly  to  the  Soutli  and  East  of  the 
Sound,  extending  back  in  streaks  and  patches  from  len.  to  thirty  miles. 
To  a  limited  extent  it  is  found  South-West  of  tlie  Olympian  range,  and 
also  to  some  extent  in  Clarke  county,  liack  of  Vancouver.  I  am  confi- 
dent that  its  area  does  not  exceed  more  thnn  one-half  of  tlie  clay  loam 
tract.  The  emigrant  will  take  notice  that  there  is  considerable  good 
farming  land  in  this  last  named  disirict.  It  is  jjrobahly  from  two  to 
three  hundred  feet  in  depth  from  the  surface  of  the  gravely  and  sandy 
prairies  to  the  bed  rock,  which,  as  we  examine  to  the  Northward,  ap- 
pears to  pass  frimi  the  rocks  of  tli!;  tra])  family  into  the  granite." 

The  above  extract,  from  the  pen  of  an  old  and  observing  citizen, 
although  it  may  not  be  exact  as  to  the  proportionate  distribution  of  the 
different  characters  of  soil,  is  in  the  main  correct.  I  should  not  place 
the  extent  of  the  clay  loam  district  at  more  than  one-third  of  the  gen- 
eral surface,  and  yet  it  is  determined  only  by  estimation  :  and  again  it 
would  seem  that  the  gravelly  or  boulder  district  would  cover  an  area 
equal  to  that  of  the  clay.  But  to  neither  of  these  qualities  of  land  do 
we  at  present  cull  th"  attention  of  the  immigrant,  with  the  same  confi- 
denci'  as  we  do  to  the  alluvial  bottoms  and  tide  lands.  True,  farms 
will  be  made  on  these  clays,  and  in  many  localities  the  choicer  locations 
are  profitably  occupied:  but  to  warrant  a  general  occupancy,  iherelatixe 
price  of  labor  and  produc.-  must  change;  land  must  assume  a  value  be- 
yond that  of  the  improvements:  markets  must  create  a  demand  bejond 
the  productive  capacity  of  the  more  favored  localities,  and  then  these 
lands  can  and  wil)  be  profitably  occupied.  To  give  a  general  statement 
of  thi'  altitniU  of  these  land>  v.otdd  scarcely  be  possible,  as  thev  vary 
so  much  in  the  ditferent  parts  of  the  Territory.  Immediately  adjoining 
the  Sound,  and  including  thf-  islands,  the  average  would  probably  range 
to  three  hundred  f.-et  above  tide  water,  while  other  portions,  as  for  in- 
stance the  Cowlitz  hilli  or  mountains,  as  they  ar(-  sometimes  called,  are 
])robably  one  thousand  feet  above  the  ocean  level.  This  region  is  best 
described  as  a  hroken  country,  yet  not  so  riSUch  so  as  to  materially  in- 
terfere with  the  construction  of  wagon  roads  of  easy  grade,  and  at  com- 
parative light  cost,  as  the  surface  is  often  level  for  miles,  and  then  a 
change  ..•ill  occur,  to  a  higher  or  lower  level,  as  the  case  may  be.  In 
the  lower  spots,  where  water  or  the  least  wash  accumulates,  the  surface 
is  rapidly  covered  by  a  vegetal*k  mold,  and  forms  valnal)lo  and  endu- 
ring meadows.  Thousands  of  such  places  lie  dormant  for  the  industri- 
ous to  improve,  when  our  more  valuable  lands  have  been  taken  and  our 
markets  justify  the  increased  costs  of  improvements  and  production. 
'J'his  region  is  prinripally   timbered,  us  before  stated,  and  in   many  pi«- 


:i|lii 


ii! 


10 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY 


ces  more  beautiful  or  majestic  forests  were  never  viewed  by  man.  This 
consistsof  fir,  cedar,  hemlock,  spruce  and  pine,  interspersed  in  favorable 
localities,  with  alder,  ash,  crab-uj)ple,  wild  cherry  and  balm.  Under- 
neath all  this  is  an  intermi.\ture  of  underbrush,  consisting  of  hazle, 
tag-alder,  willow,  hard"  hack,  vine  maple,  huckk>l>erry,  and  an  ever- 
green known  as  sal-lal.  besides  many  other  varieties  too  numerous  tn 
notice. 

Water  is  al)undani,  and  of  the  purest  quality.  I'^ich  of  the  riv- 
ers mentioned,  besides  others  of  less  note,  and  a  net-work  of  smaller 
creeks  and  spring  branches,  flows  either  in  whole  or  in  part  through  the 
country,  giving  almost  universal  diff'usion  of  living  enduring  sm-face 
water.  A  few  notable  exceptions  will  be  mentioned  as  we  proceed. 
Even  on  the  smaller  islands  of  the  Sound,  beautiful  springs  burst  forth, 
which  are  not  excelled  in  any  country.  In  addition  to  these  are  found 
numerous  lakes,  some  covering  but  a  few  acres,  others  covering  miles 
in  extent,  abounding  in  fish,  and  the  water  clear  and  pure.  A  ledge 
of  rocks,  or  what  is  known  as  the  bed  rock,  is  seldom  exposed  to  view 
That  portion  of  the  land  that  is  gravelly  or  rocky  is  composed  of 
detached  pieces,  generally  washed  rock,  from  the  size  of  a  finger- 
stone  to  tnat  containing  several  cubic  feet.  In  certain  localities,  large 
boulders  are  scattered  promiscuously  over  the  surface,  in  other  places  fine 
gravel,  and  running  insensibly  into  sand,  from  same  formation.  More 
Uian  half  of  the  prairies,  exclusive  of  the  tide  flats,  are  of  this  sandy 
and  gravelly  nature,  aff'ording  a  rich,  but  not  abundant  pasturage. 
Other  prairies  are  found,  of  the  very  richest  of  soil,  small,  it  is  true, 
comparing  with  the  broad  reach  over  the  j^roat  W(!st,  yet  sufficient  to 
be  prized  by  the  possessor  as  of  great  value.  Some,  consisting  of  but  suf- 
ficient for  one  farm,  while  others  are  of  several  square  miles  of  extent, 
and  of  all  intermediate  sizes. 

The  river  bottom  and  tide  lands,  although  they  comprise  but  an 
inconsiderable  area  in  comparison  to  the  whole,  yet  they  are  of  great 
value,  and  destined  to  build  up  happy  and  prosperous  communities  im- 
mediately within  their  confines. 

Balm,  alder,  ash  and  maple  predominates  on  the  lands,  and  we  are 
always  relieved  and  warned  of  the  change  of  the  season  by  the  fall  of 
the  leaf,  a  thing  we  do  not  see  in  the  forests  of  the  fir  and  cedar,  that 
retain  their  everlasting  and  perpetual  green.  The  tide  lands  at  the 
mouths  of  these  rivers  are  of  the  same  material,  and  called  such  so  long 
only  as  the  highest  tides  cover  their  surface.  These  always  occupy 
space  that  was  once  the  bay,  and  in  many  ])laces  have  encroached  far 
out  upon  the  ancient  domains  of  this  inland  sea,  the  Sound,  and  the 
process  is  still  going  on,  as  portions  of  that  which  the  earliest  settlers 
saw  as  tide  land,  is  now  ♦vered  with  young  timber,  and  another  ad- 
vance made  from  the  front  u])on  the  shoals,  to  compensate  for  the  loss. 
It  seems  superfluous  to  say  that  this  soil  is  not  excelled  upon  the  face 
(if  the  globe,  and  yet  did  we  not  assert  it,  we  should  fail  to  do  justice: 
l)ut  of  this  we  shall  particularize  undo:'  tlie  more  appropriate  heading 
on  the  farming  lands,  to  be  found  elsewhere. 

In  conclusior,  while  the  general  surface,  covered  as  it  is  mainly 
with  dense  forests  of  fir  and  cedar,  seem  uninviting  to  those  just  from  a 
strictly  agricultural  rr^gion,  witli  its  browl  jjrairies,  yet  the  impartial  eye 
cannot  fail  to  detect  the  wealth  that  lies  dormant  in  our  soil,  situated 


^ 


WKST  OF   THK  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


11 


y  man.  This 
d  in  favorable 
aim.  Under- 
ling of  hazle, 
and  an  ever- 
numerous  to 

oh  of  the  liv- 
irk  of  smaller 
rt  through  the 
uring  surface 

we  proceed. 
»s  burst  forth, 
lese  are  found 
!Overing  miles 
ure.  A  ledge 
losed  to  view 

composed  oi" 
;  of  a  finger- 
)calities,  large 
her  places  fine 
lation.  More 
of  this  sandy 
nt  ])a8turage. 
nail,  it  is  true, 
it  sufficient  to 
ng  of  but  suf- 
iles  of  extent, 

nprise  but  an 
are  of  great 
nmunities  im- 

I,  and  we  are 

by  the  fall  of 

»d  cedar,  that 

lands  at  the 

such  so  long 

Iways  occupy 

ncroached  far 

ound,  and  the 

irliest  settlers 

another  ad- 

for  the  loss. 

upon  the  tace 

to  do  justice ; 

riate  heading 

8  it  is  mainly 

Hc  just  from  a 

i  impartial  eye 

soil,  situated 


us  it  always  will  be,  in  the  very  midst  of  a  manufacturing  and  commer- 
cial people,  taxing  it  to  its  utmost  capacity  for  sustenance,  and  calling 
upon  other  and  remote  localities  to  supply  the  ileficiency,  always  en- 
suring a  highly  remunerative  market. 

NAVIGABLE   WATERS.  ' 

First,  and  greatest  comes  Puget  Sound,  and  by  that  we  mean  the 
whole  of  the  waters  of  this  inland  sea,  altho»igh  technically  speaking 
they  are  divid.'d  into  several  parts  by  geographers,  as  the  Straits  of 
Fuca,  Admiralty  Inlet,  and  Puget  Sound,  but  we  shall  call  the  whole, 
as  it  is  now  universally  and  popularly  known,  Puget  Sound. 

Breaking  in  from  the  ocean  in  North  latitude  48°  20',  longitude 
47°  40'  West  from  Washington,  and  forming  our  North- Western  boun- 
dary, these  wafers  rush  through  an  open  channel  twelve  miles  in  width, 
with  no  obstructions  whatever  at  the  entrance,  running  nearly  due  East 
a  distance  of  eighty  miles,  sagging  a  little  to  the  South,  with  a  compar- 
atively smooth  shore  line,  finally  to  be  arrested  by  Whidby's  Island, 
that  suddenly  check  them,  turning  a  part  Northward  through  Rosairo 
Straits,  and  the  intricate  and  numerous  channels  of  the  Archipelago  de 
Haro,  into  Bellingham  Hay  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  j  the  other  portion 
turning  South,  bearing  Easterly,  with  an  average  width  of  nearly  six 
miles,  for  seventy  miles,  and  finally  takes  a  shoot  through  that  narrow 
passage  known  as  the  "  Narrows,"  one  mile  wide  and  four  long,  bears 
South- Westerly,  spreading  out  or  ramifying  into  numerous  bays  and 
inlets,  encompassing  still  other  islands,  and  finally  looses  itself  at  its  e.\- 
treme  Southern  limits,  nt  or  very  near  the  centre  of  this  region  of 
which  we  write,  Western  Washington,  having  traversed  in  all  nearly 
two  hundred  miles. 

Eighteen  miles  South  from  where  the  waters  first  strike  Whidby's 
Island,  is  an  offshoot,  called  Hood's  Canal,  averaging  two  miles  in 
width,  bears  more  to  the  South-West  a  distance  of  fifty  miles,  then 
curving  suddenly  to  the  North-East  fifteen  miles,  very  nearly  touches* 
the  waters  of  the  Sound  proper,  after  having  been  separated  in  the  ag- 
gregate circuit  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  milts,  and  virtually  enclosing 
as  an  island,  the  county  of  Kitsaj),  with  its  numerous  inhabitants  and 
valuable  improvements. 

Then,  again,  is  the  channel  back,  or  East  of  Whidby's  Island. 
•  iround  Camano  Island,  through  Deception  Pass  again  into  the  Straits- 
and  Swinomish  slough,  and  by  this  last  channel  again  into  Bellingham 
Kay. 

To  give  a  better  idea  of  the  vast  magnitude  of  these  waters,  we^ 
'•xtract  from  the  tabular  statement  from  the  United  States  Coast  survey' 
'.)f  the  coast  line,  as  follows  : 

Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca .      IGJ 

Hosario  Straits,  Canal  de  Haro,  Gulf  of  Georgia,  &c 62'J' 

Admiralty  Inlet 334 

Puget  Sound 280 

Hood's   Canal 192 

Total   1,594 


'M 


{'2 


W AS HINGTdN  TEHRI  TORY 


This  measurement  is  in  nautical  miles,  which  reduced  to  statute   i 
miles,  gives  a  shore  lino  of  l,8ti!J  miles. 

Did  we  neglect  to  say  that  in  all  this  inland  sea,  not  an  unseen 
danger  to  shi])ping  exists,  that  the  waters,  .ire  deep,  the  shores  bold,  the 
anchorage  safe,  and  the  shelter  from  storms  complete  in  almost  every 
nook  and  corner,  except  in  the  Straits  alone,  we  would  fail  in  giving  a 
eorreot  idea  of  this  succession  of  iiarbors  to  the  distant  reader.  Im- 
mediately upon  turning  to  the  South,  the  Sound  is  shut  in  from  the 
ocean  storms  by  the  snow-cap])ed  Olympian  mountains,  and  by  its  tor- 
tous  and  uncertain  course,  leaving  a  prominent  headland  here  and  a 
point  of  land  there,  still  giving  additional  security  against  the  force  of 
the  wind,  never  ceasing  to  fortify  in  all  its  wanderings,  until  it  is  one 
of  the  most  complete  and  extensive  harbors  in  the  world,  incomparable, 
because  none  are  found  with  which  to  compare  it,  capacious  beyond  the 
possible  wants  of  future  ages,  yet  safe  as  the  smallest  land-locked  har- 
bor of  ♦^he  world. 

The  rivers  Uing  into  the  Sound  are  all  navigable  for  steamers  of 
light  draft,  generally  almost  up  as  far  as  their  alluvial  deposits  extend, 
and  in  one  instance,  as  on  the  Skagit,  a  stretch  of  fifty  miles.  Some  of 
these  are,  or  have  been  obstructed  by  drift,  through  which  channels 
can  be  opened.  Above  the  point  mentioned  they  become  more  rapid  i 
and  uproarous,  and  will  be  used  in  the  future  principally  as  the  channel 
through  which  timber  will  be  run  to  tide- water. 

The  lower  Columbia  river  is  tli''  next  in  importance  and  grandeur. 
Rising  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  dr.iningan  immense  sweep  of  country, 
and  accumulating  waters  in  volume  second  to  none  on  the  coast,  breaks 
through  the  barriers  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains,  finally  emer- 
ges from  the  confines  of  the  mountain  gorge,  and  enters  Western 
Washington  in  latitude  45"  .50',  longitude  4.5°.  It  is  here  we  have  first 
to  deal  with  it  as  a  part  of  the  region  described,  after  having  made  its 
last  leap  at  the  Lower  Cascades.  From  this  point  it  has  an  average 
width  of  one  mile,  and  it  is  one  hundred  and  forty  miles  by  the  river  to 
its  mouth.  The  river  runs  sluggishly  throughout  this  distance,  more 
or  less  affected  by  the  tide„  The  general  course  is  West,  beating  some- 
what to  the  North.  The  depth  of  the  channi'l  on  the  bar  is  twenty- 
four  feet.  Ocean  steamers  ascend  the  river  as  far  as  Vancouver,  a  dis- 
tance of  over  one  hundred  miles.  It  is  a  beautiful  and  safe  river  for 
Vessels  of  suitable  size,  when  once  inside  the  bar,  and  upon  its  banks 
;ire  found  several  thriving  towns  and  settlements,  seme  large  milling 
establishments,  and  the  most  extensive  fishing  firms  of  the  North- West 
^oast. 

The  entrance  to  Shoalwater  Ray  is  twenty-seven  miles  North  of 
'the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  River.  "  Toke's  Point,"  or  the  extreme 
North- West  point  of  Cape  Shoalwater,  and  the  Northern  shore  at  the 
'entrance  of  Shoalwater  IJay,  is  in  North  latitude  46°  i'.V,  and  longitude 
47°  02'  West  from  Washington.  The  bay  covers  an  area  of  about  one 
■"lundred  and  fifty  square  miles,  is  of  an  irregular  shape,  and  extends 
South  parallel  with  the  coast  to  within  three  and  a  half  miles  of  Raker's 
Bay  of  the  Columbia  waters,  and  only  separated  from  the  ocean  by  a 
narrow  strip  of  land  of  an  average  width  of  one  and  one-half  miles. 
The  principal  river  emptying  into  the  bay  is  the  Willopah,  which  comes 
in  from  the   East,  and  is  navigable  for  vessels   drawing  twelve  feet  of 


ced  to  statute 

lot  an  unseen 
lores  bold,  the 

almost  every 
ail  in  giving  a 

reader.  Im- 
it  in  from  the 
imd  by  its  tor- 
iid  here  and  a 
t  the  force  of 
until  it  is  one 
incomparable, 
us  beyond  the 
id-locked  har- 

ir  steamers  of 
posits  extend, 
les.  Some  of 
hich  channels 
le  more  rapid 
as  the  chanuel 

ind  grandeur, 
ep  of  country, 
;  coast,  breaks 
I,  finally  emer- 
iters  Western 
e  we  have  first 
iving  made  its 
as  an  average 
by  the  river  to 
ilislance,  more 
bearing  some- 
bar  is  twenty- 
icouver,  a  dis- 
1  safe  river  for 
pon  its  banks 
large  milling 
le  North-VVest 

liles  North  of 
r  the  extreme 
n  shore  at  the 
and  longitude 
I  of  about  one 
?,  and  extends 
iles  of  liaker's 
he  ocean  by  a 
me-half  miles. 
I,  which  comes 
twelve  feet  of 


WEST  OF  THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


i:} 


water,  a  distance  of  fifteen  miles  from  the  mouth.  The  whole  length  of 
this  river  is  not  more  than  thirty-five"  miles,  but  upon  its  banks  are 
found  some  of  the  finest  agricultural  lands  of  the  Territory. 

The  South  point  of  entrance  into  Gray's  Harbor  is  at  Ciiehalis. 
I'oint,  whicii  is  fifteen  miles  North  oi'  Toke's  Point.  The  entrance  i- 
about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  width  ;  there  is  about  eighteen  feet  of 
water  on  the  bar,  and  the  harbor  is  considered  safe.  The  bay  covers  an 
area  of  about  eighty  square  miles.  The  Chehalis  joins  the  bay  sixteen 
miles  from  the  entrance  to  the  harbor,  and  at  a  place  nearly  east  from 
Chehalis  Point.  This  river  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  the  Terri- 
J^ory,  draining  a  very  extensive  district  of  rich  agricultural  land,  both 
alluvial  bottom  and  table  land,  and  upon  which  thert  are  many  settlers. 
The  rive  •  is  navigable  for  light  draft  steamers  for  sixty  miles.  Good 
«zed  schooners  can  ascend  the  river  to  the  mouth  of  the  Satsop,  a  dis- 
tance of  twenty  miles.  The  tide  sets  in  that  far,  and  also  up  other 
streams  emptying  into  the  Chehalis,  making  eighty-five  miles  of  tide 
water  navigation,  immediately  adjacent  to  rich  alluvial  bottom  and  tide 
lands. 

SOIL  AND  CUMATE. 

Soil,  without  suitable  climate,  is  of  no  avail  to  the  husbandman, 
while  ever  so  equable  a  climate  is  alike  unavailing  without  the  soil. 
Uut  take  the  two  requisites  combined,  and  we  have  ihat  which  offers 
indui'cments  to  build  up  prosperous  communities  and  wealtliy  cities. 

Western  Washington  has  not  tlie  uniformly  rich  soil  of  an  Iowa  or 
Illinois,  neither  has  it  the  broiid  |)rairies  of  the  localities  mentioned, 
yet,  as  elsewhere  described,  we  iind  much  good  soil,  numerous  desira- 
l)le  localities  for  the  farmer,  some  occupied  and  otliers  unoccupied,  and 
small  prairies  are  found  in  the  timber,  usually  prevailing.  This  climate 
is  excelled  in  no  |)art  of  the  gl.ibe  for  the  |)roduction  of  grass,  the  ce- 
rc.'als  I  i  \  kinds,  and  the  hardier  vegetables.  In  this  connection  we 
<liall  give  a  somewhat  extended  notice  of  such  as  have  been  tested. 

But  first  W"  must  notice  the  climatic  infiuences  that  bring  about 
these  results.  Meteorological  observations  taken  at  Fort  Steilacoom, 
in  latitude  47°  7',  and  near  the  centre  of  the  region  described,  for  a  se- 
ries of  years,  give  the  following  result :  Mean  of  four  years  :  January, 
:58°  1' ;  "Februarv,  40°  7' ;  March,  41°  8' ;  April  48°  (/  ;  Mav,  oG°  (>' ; 
June,  Gl°  1' ;  Julv,  64°  !)' ;  August,  ()4°  0' ;  September,  oG°  9' ;  Octo- 
i)er,  52°  6' ;  November,  4(5°  2' ;  December  ;58°  ;}'.  For  the  year,  50° 
S' ;  three  winter  months,  ;{0°  ()'. 

IJy  consulting  the  meteorological  tables  for  the  State  of  Ohio,  we 
find  that  the  average  of  the  State,  for  a  series  of  years,  varies  less  than 
one  degree  from  that  of  Fort  Steilacoom ;  that  although  we  are  seven 
degrees  of  latitude  further  North,  yet  we  have  the  average  temperature 
of  Central  Ohio.  By  observing  closely  the  temperature  of  the  difter- 
ent  months  in  the  year,  and  comparing  the  two  localities,  it  soon  be- 
comes apparent  that  although  the  average  for  the  year  is  equal,  yet  the 
climate  of  these  places  differ  widely.  Our  summers  are  much  cooler 
than  those  of  Ohio,  while  our  winters  are  warmer.  So  not'ceable  is 
this  feature  of  this  climate,  and  so  insensible  is  the  change  from  the  one 


u 


WASHINGTON   TERRnORV 


reason  to  the  Dther  that  many  persons  ;':\.'  ready  to  classify  our  season^ 
as  but  two,  the  wet  and  tlie  dry.  This  is  only  partially  correct,  for  in 
tact  there  is  scarcely  a  month  In  the  year  that  we  do  not  have  showers, 
whilf  many  weeks,  and  8i;metimes  months  of  the  winter,  or  wet  season. 
is  pleasant  and  dry.  February  is  our  great  wheat  sowing  month.  The 
cause  of  all  this  difference  in  tumi)erature  between  the  Kastern  and 
Western  portions  of  the  continent,  is  admirably  set  forth  in  the  speecli 
of  Hun.  Chas.  Sumner,  on  the  purchase  of  Alaska.     He  says  : 

'•  All  this  is  now  explained  by  certain  known  forces  in  nature.  Of 
these,  the  most  important  is  a  thermal  current  in  the  Pacific,  corres- 
ponding with  the  Gulf  Stream  in  the  Atlantic.  The  latter  having  it^ 
origin  in  the  heated  waters  o '  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  flows  as  a  rivii, 
through  the  ocean,  Northward,  encircl'.ig  England,  bathing  Norway, 
and  warming  all  within  its  influence.  A  similar  stream  in  the  Pacific, 
sometimes  called  the  Japanese  cuirent,  having  its  origin  under  the 
equator  near  the  Phillippines  and  tlic  Malaccas,  amid  no  common  heats, 
after  washing  the  ancient  empire  jf  Jai)an,  sweeps  Northward,  until 
t'orniing  two  branches,  on''  moves  tmward  to  Kehring's  Straits,  and  the 
other  bends  Eastward  along  the  Aleutian  Islands,  then  Southward  along 
the  coast  of  Sitka,  Oregon  and  ('aliforuia.  Geographers  have  de- 
scribed thih  '  heater,'  which  in  the  lower  latitudes  is  as  high  as  81°  ol 
Farenheit,  and  even  far  to  the  North  it  is  as  high  as  50°.  A  chart  now 
before  me,  in  Findlay's  Pacific  Ocean  Directory,  portrays  its  course  as 
it  warms  so  many  islands  and  such  an  e\'ent  of  coast.  An  officer  ol 
tlie  Uniti'd  States  navy,  Lieut.  Bent,  in  a  paper  before  the  Geographi- 
cal Society,  of  New  York,  while  exhibiting  the  influence  of  this  cur- 
rent in  niittigating  the  climate  of  the  North-West  coast,  mentions  that 
vessels  on  the  Asiatic  side,  becoming  unwieldy  with  accumulations  of 
ice  on  the  hull  and  rigging,  run  over  to  the  higher  latitude  on  the 
American  side  and  '  thaw  out.'  Rut  the  tepid  waters  which  melt  the  ice 
on  a  vossel  must  change  the  aimosphere  wherever  they  flow. 

"  I  hope  you  will  not  regard  the  illustration  as  too  familiar,  if  I  re- 
mind you  that  in  the  economy  of  a  household,  pipes  of  hot  water  are 
sometimes  employed  in  tempering  the  atmosphere  by  heat  carried  from 
below  to  rooms  al)ove.  In  the  economy  of  natm-e  these  thermal  cur- 
I'cnts  are  only  pi])es  of  liot  water,  modifying  the  climate  of  continents 
by  carrying  heat  from  the  warm  cisterns  of  th-.*  South  into  the  most 
distant  places  of  the  North.  So,  also,  there  are  sometimes  pipes  of  hot 
air,  having  a  similar  purpose,  and  the.se,  too,  are  found  in  this  region. 
Every  ocean  wind  from  every  quarter,  as  it  traverses  the  stream  of  heat 
takes  up  the  warmth  and  carries  it  to  the  coast,  so  that  the  oceanic  cur- 
rent is  reinforced  l)y  an  a-rial  current  of  constant  influence. 

"  Rut  these  forces  aie  aided  essentially  by  the  configuration  of  the 
North-West  coast,  vvith  a  lofty  and  impenetrable  barricade  of  moun- 
tains, by  whieli  its  islands  and  harbors  are  protected  from  the  cold  of 
the  North.  Occupying  the  Aleutian  islands,  traversing  the  peninsula 
of  Alaska,  and  running  along  the  margin  of  the  ocean  to  the  latitude  of 
.■')4°  40',  this  mountain  ridge  is  a  climatic  division,  or,  according  to  a 
(rerman  geographer,  a  '  climatic  shed;'  such  as  ^erhaj)s  exist  nowhere 
else  in  the  world  Here  are  Alps,  some  of  them  volcanic,  with  Mt. 
St.  Elias  higher  than  Mt.  Blanc,  standing  on  guard  against  the  Arctic 
Circle.     So  it  seems  even  without  the  aid  of  science.     Here  is  a  dike 


WEST  OF  THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


1.". 


our  season >■ 
arrect,  for  in 
ave  showers, 
r  wet  season, 
nontli.     Thf 

Eastern  and 
n  the  speech 
lys  : 

nature.  Of 
icific,  corres- 
;r  having  it- 
s  as  a  rivti , 
ng  Norway. 

the  Pacific, 
n  under  the 
mmon  heats. 
;hward,  until 
aits,  and  the 
hward  along 
irs  have  de- 
gh  as  81"  of 
.\  chart  now 
its  course  as 
\n  officer  of 
•  Geograplii- 

of  this  cur- 

lentions  tliat 

mulations  of 

itude   on  the 

melt  the  ice 

.V. 

liliar.  if  I  ri- 
ot water  are 
carried  from 
thermal  cur- 
f  continentf 
to  the  most 
pipes  of  hot 
this  region, 
ream  of  heat 
oceanic  cur- 

ation  of  the 
Je  of  moun- 
I  the  cold  of 
be  peninstda 
e  latitude  of 
wording  to  a 
ist  nowhex'e 
lie,  with  Mt. 
t  the  .\rctic 
re  is  a  dike 


between  the  icy  waters  of  Behring's  Sea  and  the  milder  Southern  ocean. 
Here  is  a  partition  between  the  treeless  Northern  coast  and  the  woodier 
foast  of  the  Ivenanians  and  Koloschians,  a  fence  which  separates  the 
animal  kingdom  of  this  region,  leaving  on  one  »ide  the  walrus  and  ice 
fox,  from  the  frozen  ocean,  and  on  the  other  *ide  the  humming  l)ir(l 
from  the  tropics.  I  simply  repeat  the  statements  from  geography. 
And  now  you  will  not  fail  to  observe  how,  by  this  configuration  of  ther- 
mal currents  of  ocean  and  air,  are  left  to  exercise  all  their  climatic 
power." 

Mean  annual  precipitation  of  rain  and  melted  snow,  for  si.\  years, 
from  Nov.  1849  to  1855.  Location,  Steilacoom  Station,  W.  T.  Lat- 
itude, 47°  l(y.  Altitude,  3()0  feet :  January,  9.-5-I :  February,  5.  IH  ; 
March,  4.56;  April,  4.77  ;  May,  l.Sti;  June,  1.97;  July,  0.34;  August, 
1.54;  September,  2.67  ;  October,  4.43 ;  November,  8.73;  December, 
5).92.  Recapitulation:  Spring,  11.19;  summer.  3.85 ;  autumn,  15.83  ; 
winter,  22.62.     'J'otal,  53.49. 

The  following  extract  from  meteorological  regisfr,  kindly  fur- 
nished by  Capt.  James  S.  Lawson,  of  the  United  States  Cost  Survey, 
;ind  taken  on  board  the  brig  Fauntleroy,  at  different  points  on  the 
•Sound,  although  not  extending  over  so  long  a  period  of  time,  is  of  re- 
cent date,  and  serves  to  illustrate  the  geiieral  average : 

"  Three  winter  months,  1868-69 :  clear,  32  days ;  foggy,  43  ;  rainy, 
45.  .\mount  of  rain  fall,  20,248.  Mean  temperature.  41°.  Three 
spring  months  of  1869:  clear,  59;  foggy,  5:  rainy,  29;  amount  of  rain 
tall,  3,756.  Summer :  light  showers — rain  guage  not  in  use ;  highest 
temperature  for  June,  94°;  lowest,  42°  3'.  Three  fall  months:  clear, 
33;  foggy,  8;  rainy,  38  ;  amount  of  rain  fall,  14,123.  Mean  tempera- 
ture, 55°.  Three  winter  mouths,  1869-70:  clear.  19:  foggy,  21  :  rainy, 
49.  .\mount  of  rain  fall,  19,752.  Mean  temperature,  42°.  Three 
spring  months  :  amount  of  rain  fall,  6,058 ;  snow,  tfiree  days  in  March. 
June — clear,  21  ;  rainy,  9;  amount  of  rain  fall,  0,431.  Mean  tempera- 
ture, 62. 

Taking  into  consideration  our  moist  autums  and  springs,  and  the 
comparative  warm  winters,  no  wonder  that  we  have  grass  green  nearly 
the  entire  year,  and  are  able  to  make  up  a  handsome  bouquet  from  the 
open  gardens  in  Jaimary. 

I'he  Olympia  Transcript,  in  its  issue  of  January  15.^1869,  says  : 
"  On  Monday  last,  Mr.  H.  R.  Woodard,  of  West  Olympia,  sent 
into  this  office  a  bouquet  of  flowers,  containing  twenty-tiro  varieties, 
gathered  from  his  open  garden  on  that  morning,  January  10th,  1870. 
.\mong  them  we  notice  tlie  following  common  summer  varieties  :  The 
Myrtle,  Marigold,  Daisy,  Roses — several  varieties.  Flowering-cabbage, 
Wall-flower,  Shell-flower,  Honeysuckle,  Crysantbum,  Camomile,  etc., 
etc.  If  any  other  i)lac(>  on  the  globe,  in  47'  North  latitude,  can  pro- 
duce such  a  selection  of  flowers,  twenty-two  different  kinds,  on  a  space 
of  less  than  half  of  a  town  lot,  in  the  open  air,  on  the  East  and  North 
>>ide  of  the  house,  and  fully  exposed  to  the  North,  North-East  and  East 
winds,  let  it  speak  out  and  tell  its  story.  Mr.  Woodard's  is  not  the 
only  garden  in  which  flowers  are  to  be  found.  There  are  many  of  them. 
In  our  own  little  garden  we  find  in  full  bloom  a  uumbtr  of  Carnation 
Pinks.     Who  can  beat  Olympia  :•"' 


u; 


WA.SllIXCiTON  TKIIHIIOKV 


No  cliiDiJif  fcjtn  hf"  better  adapted  to  the  growth  of  grass  than  this, 
and  the  >>on  ♦.•"■ww  -minently  suited  to  its  production. 

Fdlloijjiijr  u.j'rT.  this  comes  the  summers,  witii  tlieir  cool  nights  ami 
but  few  exe+twelT  bf>t  days,  whicli  altogether  make  one  of  the  best 
dairy  couiitne*««i  (be  continent.  The  business  itself  is  in  its  infancy, 
not  yet  ahle  V^  ♦xjpipij  the  home  demand  for  butter,  and  no  attempt  at 
cheese  nri!  .  yrt.  Take  a  country  so  eminently  fitted  as  this  for 
the  dairy  -.  with  pure   water  aljundaul.  a   present  home  market 

for  the  wri"!  ■.  »nf!  a  constaiitly  increasing  demand,  no  dangei' 

but    thriity   ju^.:}::.-  ..    will   find    profitable    employment  and    pleasant 
home*. 

Tht  i»lal««iBMrt*  often  made  that  stock  does  not  require  shelter  du- 
ring any  part  '4  ftbr  winter,  is  incorrect  and  likely  to  deceive  the  dis- 
tant reader-  W-  t-.^ve  Snuth  and  South-West  winds  prevailing  in  win- 
ter, that  briu;;  ',:^  and  continued  pelting  rains,  and  sometimes,  for 
a  short  limi .  m>-.ip,  I>uring  these  storms  all  domestic  animals  should 
be  hou»ied  anc'  '■■:  Sometimes  rain  will  fall  for  several  days  and  ;,ights 
in  succe*-'""  .  ■      .  clear  wi.ather  will  follow,  while  at  time-,  al- 

though th    '■»  "     '         with  clouds  for  many  days,  no  rain  falls. 

Fog  doe^ ;.  :  ^.-Hvail  to  any  great  extent.  In  this  high  latitude  of 
course  the  4*j*  aire  »h«rt  in  winter  and  correspondingly  long  in  sum- 
mer. It  ih  haJf-ji«»*1!  ^frven  in  winter  before  it  is  light  enough  for  out- 
of-door  »orL,«irf  *iark  by  half-past  four;  while  in  summer  one  can  see 
well  by  a  littJ*  -dUCT  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  yet  catch  tht 
rays  of  twiJig+n  vtii^.r  nine  o'clock      These,  of  course,  are  the  extremes. 


and  th'-'  int^nD'.nii.'.r 
of  nearer  er;-  ■ 


dA\',  between  the  summer  and  winter  solstices  are 


Agal' 


This  coun'n  • 
the  heavy  rui- 
mon  duritij; 
or  Ohio.  i'K- 
aged  huKbunc-- 
within  our  '>  • 
toms  and  rh- 


rake  to  clsss  a  part  of  the  year  as  the  dry  season. 
'.i'  ever,  sutlers  from  drought.  True  we  have  not 
*  .r.er.  bur  copious  and  refreshing  showers  are  com- 
v.er  months,  I  think  as  much  so  as  central  Indiana 
1  r.hat  which  we  prize  most  highly.  The  discour- 
:-•  ,rp,  the  parched  plains  of  California,  upon  arriving 
imazed  to  see  the  fresh,  green  grass  of  our  bot- 
■■.tt  growth  of  everything  planted,  recollecting  the 
scorching  htsil*  *n#t  drought*  that  he  had  left  behin<l  him,  and  but  a 
few  dayt-  tsaM  dirtawX  This  is  simply  a  recoid  of  facts  ;  had  we  space 
it  would  l>e  i'UtitiPf:'->ttBg  to  trace  out  the  cause,  yet  the  truth  would  nev- 
erthelesb  reuin'-  th«-  .•ame.  and  so  we  pass  on  to  notice   the  peculiaritx 

of   <JUr  NUIDUH'-''  t'^MMTi*. 

]i\  refur    .        -tr-  t.-ibles  found  on    anotiier  page,  we  find  that  tin 
average  tem;  •      f  the  three  summer  months  is  a  fraction  over  03°. 

Farenheit.  t-;*  vi  maturi;  thi    earliest  kinds   of  corn,  to  j)roduct- 

])otatoet>  to  ptrt-iwUuQ.  and  with  them  all  kinds  of  root  crops  usualh 
raised  for  man  Mr  henni..  The  nights  are  always  cool,  so  much  so  that 
the  more  leiicier  fines  do  not  tiirive  well  unless  they  receive  extra  care. 
I  have  seen  i'jttr  lw»heU  of  corn  raised  to  the  acre,  and  tomatoes  ma- 
tured in  the  'jg^eia  garden  in  great  abundance.  These  cool  nights  of 
course  jjieelud*'*  tlif:  raising  of  grajjcs  or  the  peach,  like  California  or 
New  Jersey,  yi  rren  these  are  raised  of  tolerably  fair  quality  in  shel- 
tered locatiout.  111?  apple,  pear,  plum  and  cherry  are  at  home  here, 
hear  ngultirir  wad 'a^.iw    crops,  and  of  the  best   quality.     \\\'  can,,  in 


WEST  OF  THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


\^ 


tiss  than  thif>. 

>ol  nights  uiul 
le  of  the  benl 
in  its  infancy, 
IK)  attempt  at 
ed  as  this  for 
home  market 
lid,  no  danger 
and    pleasant 

re  shelter  du- 
ceive  the  dis- 
ailing  in  win- 
jmetimcs,  for 
nimals  should 
lysand  .-.ights 
at  tini^  ■>.  al- 
falls. 

gh  latitude  of 
long  in  8um- 
ough  for  out- 
;r  one  can  see 
yet  catch  the 
the  extremes, 
V  solstices  are 

le  dry  season, 
we  have  not 
jvers  are  com- 
Mitral  Indiana 
The  discour- 
upon  arriving 
ss  of  our  Ijot- 
colleeting  the 
im.  and  but  a 
had  we  space 
h  would  nev- 
he  peculiarity 

;  find  that  tin 
tion  over  (5;!°. 
n,  to  produce 
crops  usually 
much  so  thai 
ve  extra  care, 
tomatoes  imi- 
ool  nights  of 
California  or 
lality  in  shel- 
it  home  here, 
We  can,  in 


.  the  course  of  time,  find  a  market  for  the  surplus  of  apples  in  the  coun- 

;  tries  to  the  South  of  us,  in  ccnse^uence  of  the  high  flavor  and  excel- 
lence, as  compared  with  the  productions  of  a  hotter  climate.  Trees 
come  into  bearing  at  a  much  earlier  age  than  in  the  Eastern  or  Middle 
States,  but  are  shorter  lived  and  decay  early.  The  apple  will  usually 
bear  at  four  years  old  from  the  graft,  but  the  body  of  the  tree  often 
becomes  diseased.  Not  so  with  the  pear ;  although  it  bears  early  there 
is  seldom  an  unsound  pear  tree  found,  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the 
plumb  and  cherry.     Following  upon  these,  comes  the  small  fruit  of  every 

i  description — the  straw-berry,  goose-berry,  current,  rasp-berry  and  black- 

I  berry,  that  are  produced  in  the  greatest  abundance  and  of  most  excel- 
lent quality.  Ihe  varieties  of  wild  berries  are  numerous,  and  are  pro- 
duced in  succession  and  in  great  abundance,  but  nothing  so  large  as  the 
wild  plum  iz  found, in  our  forests.  The  most  valuable  wild  fruit  found 
is  the  cranberry,  which  enters  largely  into  commerce,  and  is  destined 
eventually  to  build  up  a  thriving  business,  as  there  are  many  places 
suitable  for  its  production,  and  always  a  brisk  market  for  shipment 

:  down  the  coast  and  for  home  consumption.  Wheat,  oats,  barley  and 
rye  all  mature  well  and  produce  abundant  crops.  I  have  known  fifty 
bushels  of  wheat  and  eighty  of  oats  having  been  raised  to  the  acre. 
The  average  of  our  wheat,  however,  will  not  exceed  twenty-five  bushels 
per  acre  for  our  bottom  lands,  and  eleven  for  the  upland  gravelly  prai- 
ries. It  is  of  most  excellent  quality,  being  pronounced  by  our  millers 
second  to  none  on  the  continent,  yet  we  do  not  raise  a  sufficiency  for 
home  consumption,  because  other  and  more  profitable  crops  have  en- 
gaged the  attention  of  our  farmers. 

I  The  soil  of  our  river  bottoms  is  usually  made  up  of  a  sandy  clay 

}  loam,  in  some  places  sand  predominating,  at  others,  clay,  but  all  of  it 
quick  and  fertile.     It  has  all  been  formed  by  the  wash  from  the  moun- 

;  tain  side,  and  bears  the  character  of  the  material  found  there,  yet  it 
varies  in  consequence  of  the  different  circumstances  under  which  the  de- 

!  posit  was  made ;  that  which  was  formed  under  a  rapid  current,  of 
course,  not  being  so  rich  in  sediment  and  fertile  matereial.  A  rank 
growth  of  vegetation  then  sprung  up  over  •  the  whole  surface,  and  de- 

■  cayed,  and  in  turn  was  covered  in  by  new  deposits,  and  so  alternating 
for  centuries,  until  the  whole,  for  an  indefinite  depth,  is  made  up  of 
this  abraded  material  of  the  mountain  side,  intermingled  with  vegeta- 
ble mould,  the  whole,  loose  and  friable,  and  easily  penetrated  by  the 
roots  of  growing  crops,  and  of  course  not  so  liable  to  suffer  from  dry 
weather,  as  where  a  solid  subsoil  is  encountered.  This  land  is  not  en- 
tirely free  from  overflow.  Parts  of  every  valley  have  not  been  known 
to  overflow  within  the  memory  of  the  oldest  inhabitants,  say  for  twenty 
years,  while  other  parts  are  only  inundated  at  intervals  of  several  years, 
when  an  unusual  high  water  prevails,  and  that  only  during  our  winter 
freshets,  while  a^ain  another  and  an  inconsiderable  portion  is  annually 
submerged  in  winter,  and  sometimes  in  summer  from  the  rise  caused 
by  the  melting  snow,  and  is  totally  unfit  for  anything  but  pasture.  Gen- 
erally upon  a  quarter  section  of  land,  a  part  of  each  kind  of  land  de- 
scribed is  found  in  proportions  differing  of  course  with  each  particular 
location.  In  another  chapter  will  be  found  an  estimation  of  the  amount 
of  this  character  of  soil  in  each  county,  much  of  which  is  unoccupied 
and  awaiting  the  advent  of  the  immigrant  to  enter  upon  and  claim  by 


18 


WASHINGTON  TKRRITORY 


rifjht  of  the  homestead  and  pre-emption  laws.  It  is  not  claimed  that 
this  estimate  is  perfectly  accurate,  as  it  is  merely  based  upon  the  judg- 
ment of  citizens  residing  in  the  vicinity,  who  are  often  honestly  de- 
ceived, and  from  the  fact  that  a  part  is  not  even  fully  explored,  yet  I 
have  made  due  allowance  and  think  it  is  not  overstated. 

TIMBER. 


The  value  of  any  commodity  lies  in  the  demand  as  well  as  in  its 
availibility,  yet  it  is  often  the  case  that  the  facility  for  obtaining  cheaply, 
increases  the  consumption  far  beyond  what  it  would  be  be  were  the  ar- 
ticle scarce  and  costly.  Such  is  the  case  with  our  lumber  products. 
.\lthough  the  imperative  demand  is  great,  y;'t  we  find  increased  sale  in 
consequence  of  being  able  to  furnish  at  so  low  a  price.  Already  the 
lumber  product  of  the  Sound  region  alone  amounts  to  full  one  hundred 
and  eighty  million  feet  per  annum,  which  can  be  increased  from  year  to 
year  as  the  wants  of  commeu.  demand.  We  have  seen  by  actual 
measurement  that  the  shore  line  of  the  Sound  is  nearly  sixteen  hundred 
nautical  miles,  and  although  much  of  this  is  not  available  for  logging 
in  consequence  of  heavy  fires  having  burned  the  more  valuable  timber, 
in  some  places,  and  in  others,  the  growth  not  being  suitable  for  lumber, 
yet  loggers  scarcely  ever  haul  more  than  half  a  mile.  To  say  that  the 
timber  is  excellent  and  that  enormous  quantities  are  obtained  to  the 
acre,  would  not  convey  to  parties  P^ast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  an 
adequate  conception  of  either  the  quality  or  its  extent.  There  are  ca- 
ses where  two  hundred  thousand  have  been  taken  from  an  acre,  and 
trees  three  huudred  feet  long  are  not  uncommon. 

The  logs  are  hanled  upon  skided  roads.  By  stripping  the  bark 
from  the  logs  and  oiling  the  skids,  a  team  will  take  to  the  roll-way  at 
one  time  several  logs  fastened  together.  Oftentimes,  after  the  logs  are 
fairly  on  the  road,  one  driver  will  take  three  or  four  yoke  of  oxen  to 
the  landing,  each  yoke  with  a  separate  load. 

The  consequence  is  that  logs  are  furnished  to  the  mills  at  $4  50 
per  M.,  and  at  a  profit  to  the  loggers,  employing  but  few  hands  com- 
paratively for  the  amount  of  timber  supplied.  With  a  constantly  in- 
creasing demand  and  a  continued  searching  out  of  the  most  available 
bodies  of  timber,  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  price  will  advance 
and  the  better  and  more  remote  from  the  water  will  be  drawn  upon  to 
supply  the  deficiency.  This  change  will  not  enhance  the  price  of  lum- 
ber so  much  as  to  materially  check  the  consumption,  but  it  will  be  an 
era  of  increased  prosperity  among  the  farmers  and  laboring  men.  Then 
our  rivees  emptying  into  the  Sound  and  coursing  for  a  great  part  of 
their  length  through  vast  bodies  of  timber,  will  be  called  upon  to  float 
the  growth  of  centuries  through  their  channels  down  to  the  level  of  the 
salt  waters,  adding  near  one  thousand  miles  more  to  our  already  exten- 
ded shore  line  upon  which  timber  can  be  delivered  to  the  water. 

The  timber  on  the  foot-hills  adjacent  to  these  rivers  is  superior  to 
much  that  is  found  near  the  Sound,  and  in  quantities  far  more  extensive, 
so  that  we  need  have  no  fear  that  it  will  ever  be  exhausted,  as  there  is 
a  continued  growth  in  localities  not  disturbed  by  fire  or  otherwise,  thai; 
will  assist  eventually  to  keep  up  the  supply.     Yet,  aside  from  this,  there 


WEST  OF  THK  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


IP 


n  honestly  de- 
explored,  yet  I 


t  claimed  that    are  many  unexplored  ravines  and  gently  sloping  hill-sides  where  chutes 
jpon  the  judg-    will  be  constructed,  and  the  force  of  gravitation  made  to  propel  the  log 
to  the  waters  connected  with  the  Sound,   and  within  the  reach  of  tiie 
manufacturer. 

Already  the  foreign  trade  is  great,  supplying  all  quarters  of  this 
coast,  the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  Japan  and  China,  and  even  Euro- 
pean countries.  Ships  now  come  to  us  principally  in  ballast,  but  with 
the  North  Pacific  Railroad  completed,  this  will  not  continue  long,  a^ 
they  will  bear  the  freight  of  commerce,  for  the  groat  interior,  as  well  as 
that  in  transit  to  the  Atlantic  sea  board  and  to  Europe. 

The  yellow  fir  is  the  most  abundant,  and  that  which  is  most  used 
for  lumber  and  spars.  It  is  both  strong  and  durable,  and  much  used 
for  ship  building.  It  is  a  tree  peculiar  to  the  North-West  coast,  and  is 
not  found  East  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  South  of  the  49th  parallel, 
and  no  further  South  than  the  42d  parallel  of  North  latitude. 

Besides  the  fir,  we  have  the  cedar,  hemlock,  spruce,  maple,  balm, 
ash  and  alder,  in  estimated  quantity  and  value  in  the  order  named.  The 
maple,  l)alm,  ash  and  alder  are  confined  almost  exclusively  to  the  river 
bottoms.  Upon  the  lower  Columbia  and  in  isolated  districts  of  the 
Sound,  there  are  bodies  of  the  white  fir,  and  in  rare  cases,  of  pine. 
There  is  also  quite  extensive  oak  openings  near  the  head  of  the  Sound, 
and  extending  far  South  towards  the  Columbia,  but  the  timber  is  scrub- 
by and  only  second  rate  in  quality. 

Although  water  power  is  abundant,  yet  steam  is  the  power  com- 
monly used,  as  a  site  suitable  for  shipping  lumber  is  of  more  conse- 
quence than  the  cost  of  the  machinery.  Hence,  nine-tenths  of  the 
lumber  is  manufactured  by  steam  power,  and  many  vacant  harbors 
await  the  action  of  capitalists  and  the  demands  of  trade  upon  which  to 
found  large  manufacturing  establishments  and  thriving  villages  ;  and 
such  are  yearly  being  added  to  the  number  already  here. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  lumbering  establishmer.ts 
and  their  location 

S.  L  Mastick  &  Co.,  Port  Discovery ;  Port  Ludlow  Mill  Co.,  Port 
Ludlow;  Puget  Mill  Co.,  Port  Gamble;  Adams,  Blinn  &  Co.,  Seabeck  ; 
Meigs  &  Gawley,  Port  Madison  ;  S.  E.  &  T.  Smith  &  Co.,  Port  Blakely  ; 
Grennan  &  Cranney,  Utsalady  ;  H.  L.  Yesler,  Seattle  ;  Hanson,  Ack- 
erson  &  Co.,  Tacoma ;  Williams  &  Co.,  Freeport ;  P.  Keach,  Nisqually 
Landing  ;  Ward  and  Mitchell,  Tumwater ;  P.  P.  &  Light,  North  Bay  ; 
Columbia  River  Manufacturing  Co.,  Knappen  ;  Abernethy  &  Co.,  Oak 
Point. 

The  export  of  lumber,  foreign  and  coastwise,  for  the  year  ending 
June  3()th,  1870,  has  been  fully  one  hundred  and  eighty  millions.  The 
capacity  of  these  mills  during  the  same  period,  if  run  on  full  time,  is 
three  hundred  and  twelve  million  feet. 

In  addition  to  those  enumerated,  there  are  numerous  smaller  mills 
run  by  water  power,  that  supply  the  local  demands  of  each  settlement. 


s  well  as  in  its 
aining  cheaply, 
be  were  the  ar- 
nber  products, 
icreased  sale  in 
;.  Already  the 
ill  one  hundred 
;d  from  year  to 
seen  by  actual 
ixteen  hundred 
[)le  for  logging 
aluable  timber, 
ible  for  lumber, 
To  say  that  the 
obtained  to  the 
Mountains,  an 
There  are  ca- 
ll  an  acre,  and 

pping  the  bark 

tne  roll-way  at 

ter  the  logs  are 

'oke  of  oxen  to 


mills  at  $4  50 
few  hands  com- 
a  constantly  in- 
most available 
ice  will  advance 
drawn  upon  to 
le  price  of  lum- 
»ut  it  will  be  an 
ing  men.  Then 
a  great  part  of 
id  upon  to  float 
the  level  of  the 
r  already  exten- 
e  water. 
8  is  superior  to 
more  extensive, 
sted,  as  there  is 
otherwise,  that 
from  this,  there 


'J'here  are  about  twenty  of  these  now  running,  with  numerous  water- 
privileges  not  even  yet  occupied,  that  can  be  improved  as  the  wants  of 
the  settlers  demand  it. 


20  WASHIXnrON  tkrritoiiy 


FISHERIES. 

It  is  conceded  by  all  parties  competent  to  judge,  who  have  re- 
viewed the  whole  ground,  that  the  fishing  interest  of  the  North- West 
coast,  will  eventually  centre  in  Puget  Sound. 

The  whaling  vesiiels  of  the  Pacific  in  former  years  resorted  to  the 
Sandwich  Islands,  and  at  a  later  date  to  San  Francisco,  for  supplies, 
transfer  of  cargo,  etc.  Puget  Sound  is  many  days'  sail  nearer  the 
whaling  grounds  than  San  Francisco,  has  a  more  capacious  and  safe 
liarhor,  and  can  now  furnish  the  appliances  for  repairs  and  supplies  for 
outfit  as  cheap  as  any  other  point  on  the  coast.  Tne  day  that  tne  North 
I'acific  railror.'l  is  completed  will  open  a  new  source  of  trade  for  the 
Sound,  by  attr  icting  the  whaling  fleet  of  the  North  Pacific  waters  to 
this  harbor. 

The  cod  fisheries  arc  destined  to  build  uj)  a  very  important  com- 

ploying  a  great  number  oi  men  and  a  large  invest- 

While  the  fishing  grounds  lie  far  to  the  North  of  the 


mercial  interest,  employing  a  great  number 
nient  of  capital,  ' 

Sound,  the  climate  and  location  forbid  the  extensive  curing  of  fish 
North  of  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude,  or  very  far  South  of  tne  46th. 
In  consequence  of  the  first  on  United  States  soil  being  too  far  removed 
from  supplies,  and  the  climate  too  moist,  while  the  latter  locality  is  too 
hot  to  cure  properly  without  injury  to  the  fish,  unless  extra  pains  are 
l)estowed  upon  them  to  shelter  them  from  the  scorching  rays  of  a  South- 
ern sun. 

San  Francisco  is  seven  hundred  miles  further  removed  from  the 
fishing  grounds  than  Puget  Sound.  The  equable  temperature  of  this 
region  eminently  fits  it  as  a  curing  station,  and  with  these  advantages 
are  the  great  facilities  of  the  numerous  bays  and  inlets  of  the  Sound, 
with  a  beautiful,  clean  beach  upon  which  to  land  the  fish,  and  where 
flakes  can  be  erected  at  any  convenient  distance  from  the  beach,  upon 
which  to  cure  the  fish.  Added  to  these  advantages  is  the  fact  that  fish- 
ing schooners  can  be  built  or  repaired  on  the  Sound  as  cheaply  as  in  any 
part  of  the  United  States.  Supplies  of  all  kinds  are  cheap  and  abun- 
dant, brought  here  at  a  nominal  freight  by  vessels  coir,*  g  from  all  quar- 
ters of  the  globe  for  lumber  or  spars,  or  raised  upon  the  alluvial  river 
bottom  lands  adjacent  to  the  Sound. 

Two  trips  a  year  can  be  made  from  this  harbor,  while  but  one  is 
usually  made  by  the  Eastern  fishermen.  This  difi"erence  is  mainly  in 
consequence  of  the  climate.  While  the  fishing  grounds  of  the  Eastern 
coast  are  perilous  even  in  summer,  in  consequence  of  prevailings  fogs, 
lying,  as  the  fishing  vessels  do,  in  the  track  of  the  great  sea-going  ves- 
sels plying  between  the  Atlantic  sea-board  and  Europe,  that  of  the 
North- West  is  comparatively  free  from  these  dangers,  and  have  the  ad- 
ditional advantage  of  a  mild  climate,  even  in  winter,  never  encounter- 
ing ice  or  obstructions  of  that  character,  either  in  winter  or  summer. 

Meager  statistics  aiC  at  hand  showing  the  extent  of  cod  fishing 
already  on  the  North- West  coast.  In  1869,  "  nineteen  vessels  sailed 
from  San  Francisco  in  March  and  April  of  that  year,  for  the  Ochotsk 
and  the  Chouraagin  Islands.     The  first  of  the  fleet  returned  on  the  21st 


of  July  wi 

|sequent  di 

]        "  The 

'aggrcgatit 

there  wer< 

over  ■'')5,{)( 

Some 

coast  hav< 

and  long  i 

in  1870  w 

vessels  all 

crs,  no  d 

known. 

_  Alth« 

easily  taV 

mouth  of 

I  probably 

■  tor  taking 

:  Columbia 

The 

i  hay,  struj 

;  as  the  ti( 

;  over  the  i 

•  next  flooc 

^  and  perf 

;  salmon  k 

i  taken,  bu 

i  Wh( 
i  ter  miles 
I  Gill  nets, 
;  places  f( 
i  with  thei 
;  night,  'j 
;  clear.  A 
\  sible  to  c 
I  utmost  V 
!  Fiv( 

ring  the 
;  parties. 
I  about  fiv 
i  parts  of 
;  parties  ii 
;  The 

May,  Ju 
^  at  a  latei 
;  into  salt 
;  while  otl 

Int 

pounds, 

'  the  vari( 

large,  ai 


who  have  re- 
!  North-West 

esorted  to  the 
,  for  supplies, 
lil  nearer  the 
;ious  and  safe 
d  supplies  for 
hat  tne  North 
trade  for  the 
cific  waters  to 

nportant  com- 
a  large  invest- 
!  North  of  the 
curing  of  fish 
I  of  the  46th. 
10  far  removed 
locality  is  too 
xtra  pains  are 
lys  of  a  South- 

oved  from  the 
terature  of  this 
ise  advantages 

of  the  Sound, 
ish,  and  where 
e  beach,  upon 
B  fact  that  fish- 
eaply  as  in  any 
Bap  and  abun- 

from  all  quar- 
i  alluvial  river 

hile  but  one  is 
;e  is  mainly  in 
of  the  Eastern 
•evailings  fogs, 
sea-going  ves- 
e,  that  of  the 
d  have  the  ad- 
vev  encounter- 
ter  or  summer, 
of  cod  fishing 
vessels  sailed 
r  the  Ochotsk 
led  on  the  21st 


WEST  OF  THK  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


91 


of  July  with  45,00()  fish ;  the  remaining  eighteen  reached  port  at  sub- 
Hcquent  dates,  the  last  being  as  late  as  Novt.nber  Gth. 

"  The  smallest  catch  was  13,0(K);  the  largest,  11 "»,()()();  the  whole 
aggregating  \,0o5,ryW)  fish.  Allowing  one  thousand  fish  to  the  ton, 
there  were  l,0o5i  tons,  or  2,111,000  pounds,"  or  an  average  catch  of 
over  -WjOOO  fish  to  each  vessel. 

'  Some  of  the  finest  cod  that  has  ever  been  caught  on  the  Pacific 
coast  have  been  secured  this  season  by  schooners  owned  on  the  Sound, 
and  long  since  returned  to  cure  their  fish.  The  number  of  fish  taken 
in  1H70  will  far  exceed  that  of  last  year,  judging  from  the  reports  of 
vessels  already  returned.  Other  vessels  are  now  building,  and  still  oth- 
I'rs,  no  doubt,  will  be  undertaken  as  the  advantages  become  V  ,tPr 
known. 

Although  salmon  are  abundant  in  the   Sound,  yet  they  are  not  so 

easily  taken  or  c''  so  uniform  good  quality  as  those  taken  near  the 

mouth  of  the  Co   iinbia  from  April  till  July  of  each  year.     There  is 

;  probably  no  better  quality  of  fish  on  the  continent,  or  better  facilities 

'  for  taking  them  with  certainty  and  in  large  numbers,  than  exists  in  the 

;  Columbia  for  a  distance  of  fif'ty  miles,  along  the  river  from  the  mouth. 

The  tide  rushing  in  over  the  bar  and  into  the  wide  roadstead  or 

I  bay,  struggles  with  the  contending  current  of  the  Columbia,  and  sinks 

j  as  the  tide  recedes  and  allows  the  lighter  waters  of  the  river  to  rush 

i  over  the  surface  and  out  to  sea,  to  be  again  crowded  up  the  river  at  the 

next  flood  tide,  and  so  on,  leaving  brackish  or  salt  water  at  the  bottom 

';  and   perfectly  fresh  at  the  surface.     Into  this  channel  the   variety  of 

'  salmon  known  as  the  "  Chinook,"  come  in  countless  numbers,  and  are 

i  taken,  but  a  few  hours  removed  from  salt  water. 

\  Whi're  the  main  fisheries  are  located,  the  river  is  one  and  a  quar- 
j  ter  miles  in  width,  either  one  shore  or  the  other  running  off  shoal. 
I  Gill  nets,  twelve  hundred  feet  long  are  floated  down  the  river,  in  some 
j  places  for  miles,  without  encountering  any  obstructions.  Two  men 
i  with  their  boat  and  net  will  average  their  twelve  hundred  pounds  in  one 
;  night.  These  fish  can  only  be  taken  in  the  night,  when  the  water  is 
!  clear.  As  the  channel  is  deep  ar.d  the  river  wide,  it  is  thought  impos- 
!  sible  to  cut  short  the  supply,  as  millions  pass  up  the  river  despite  the 
]  utmost  viligance  of  the  fishermen. 

i  Five    establishments   have  canned  about    1,800,000  pounds  du- 

i  ring  the  season  of  1870,  besides  over  four  thousand  barrels  by  other 
j  parties.  Those  in  cans  nett  about  fourteen  cents  per  pound ;  in  barrels 
i  about  five  cents  per  pound.  The  canned  ilsh  are  shipped  to  nearly  all 
;  parts  of  the  commercial  world,  and  realize  a  handsome  income  to  the 
'.  parties  interested. 

The  fish  which  ascend  the  Columbia  during  the  months  of  April, 

May,  June  and  July,  are  of  different  quality  froir.'    those  which  ascend 

^  at  a  later  season,  not  the  Columbia  alone,  but  all  the  streams  emptying 

;  into  salt  water.     Some  varieties  of  these  late  fish  are  entirely  worthless 

T  while  other  specimens  are  comparatively  good. 

In  the  first  run  are  found  som  -  fine  specimens  weighing  seventy 
pounds,  and  averaging  for  the  season,  as  high  as  sixteen  pounds.    Of 
the  variety  caught  later  in  the  season,  sixteen  pounds  is  considered  very 
I  large,  and  the  average  will  not  exceed  five. 


■^r 


OQ 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY 


The  Northern  waters  on  the  Alaska  coast  are  literally  alive  with 
the  very  best  of  salmon,  even  larger  than  those  of  the  Columbia. 

Shoalwater  Bay  tumishes  large  quantities  of  oysters  for  the  Pacific 
coast  trade.  There  v/ere  sixty  thousand  baskets  shipped  from  the  bay 
during  the  season  of  1869,  at  one  dollar  per  basket.  It  is  estimated 
that  seventy  thousand  baskets  will  be  required  to  supply  the  demand 
for  1870.  There  are  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  men  engaged  in  this 
business,  employing  several  schooners  in  the  trade  connected  with  it. 
Clams  are  found  in  great  abundance  on  the  Sound.  The  oysters  of  the 
Sound  are  small  and  confined  to  isoi.'ted  districts.  Recently  parties 
have  undertaken  to  transfer  them  to  ne\>  localities.  Time,  no  doubt, 
will  dcvelo])e  good  oyster  beds  in  the  waters  of  the  Sound. 

The  halibut  is  next  in  importance  to  the  salmon.  These  fish 
abound  in  the  Straits  and  far  up  into  the  Sound,  to  the  North,  inside 
the  islands,  and  on  the  far-off  banks  of  the  North-West  coast.  Recently 
parties  hpve  undertaken  to  introduce  these  fish  in  the  Southern  markets 
fresh,  by  packing  in  i)ounded  ice.  No  statistics  are  at  hand  respecting 
the  success  of  this  undertaking.  Other  means  can  be  adopted  if  those 
already  tried  fail.  It  is  known  that  where  o  fine  fish  as  the  halibut 
are  so  abundant  as  they  are  found  in  our  Northern  waters,  that  means 
will  be  adopted  to  get  them  into  the  markets  of  the  world.  Latterly 
these  fish  have  been  salted  lightly  and  smoked,  and  in  that  way  pre- 
served. The  time  will  be,  when  large  canning  establishments,  similar 
to  those  engaged  in  putting  up  salmon,  will  ])repare  the  halibut  for  the 
markets  of  the  world,  and  a  large  commercial  interest  now  lying  dor- 
mant brought  into  life. 

Thirty  thousand  fishermen  or  more  have  found  profitable  employ- 
ment on  our  North-Kastcrn  coast,  while  our  population  was  less  than 
thirty  millions.  Upon  the  completion  of  the  North  Pacific  Railroad 
f.rh  "'ill  be  sent  far  into  the  interior,  to  supply  the  wants  of  an  ever- 
increasing  population.  For  the  present,  the  demands  of  the  market 
will  regulate  the  number  to  engage  in  the  business.  It  is  known  that 
many  thousands  might  be  engaged,  with  reasonable  prospects  of  suc- 
cess. True,  prices  tvill  not  rule  high,  neither  should  they,  as  we  need 
cheap  food  with  which  to  feed  our  ship-builders  aw^  "lanufacturers. 

Puget  Sound  will  be  the  great  centre  where  the  fisher  .nan  will  draw 
their  supplies,  receive  their  pay,  and  from  whence  the  fish  will  be  dis- 
tributed to  the  commercial  marts  of  the  world.  The  ship-building  in- 
terest co-incident  to  this  trade,  will  employ  large  numbers  of  men,  and 
each  will  draw  upon  the  agricultural  and  manufacturing  interests,  tax- 
ing them  to  their  utmost  capacity,  and  furnishing  a  market  second  ♦'< 
none  on  the  continent,  and  certain  in  the  no  distant  future  to  build  up 
a  numerous,  prosperous  and  wealthy  community. 


NORTH  PACIFIC   RAILROAD, 

The  charter  of  this  company  recjuire  of  them  to  build  ai;  I  equip  a 
first  class  railroad  from  Lake  Superior  to  Puget  Sound,  and  that  they 
must  construct  one  hundred  miles  each  year  after  July,  1870,  and  com- 
plete the  whole  by  the  4th  day  of  July,  1877. 


1         Pug' 
nng  all  th 
.  49th  part 
of  twent; 
,  in  the  te 
pass,  wit 
;  of  the  ro 
.  tiers  prio 
This 
i  millions 
I  and  equi 
'  leave  a 
'  India  am 
•  surplus 

The 
,  length  tl 

sea  than 

nearly  4i 
■  cific,  an( 

Sound,  t 
;  The 

tude  of 


From  U 
To  Yell( 
Along  t 
To  Flat- 
To  Lewi 
To  Pug. 
From  I. 

At 

From  C 

To  Nev 
To  Coo  I 
To  Proi 
To  Hun 
To  Rer. 
To  Aub 
I'o  Saci 
To  San 
From  C 
Not  I 
fifty-tw 

Th 
r,he  No: 

Gc 
that  "  ( 
winter, 
that  th 


WEST  OF  THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


'V.i 


rally  alive  with 
!oluml)ia. 

for  the  Pacific 
d  from  the  bay 
It  is  estimated 
)ly  the  demaiui 
iigaged  in  this 
iiiected  with  it. 
i  oysters  of  the 
ecently  parties 
ime,  no  doubt, 
nd. 
in.     These   fish 

North,  inside 
)ast.  Recently 
uthern  market's 
land  respecting 
dopted  if  those 

as  the  halibut 
ers,  that  mean.'; 
■orld.  Latterly 
1  that  way  pre- 
hments,  similar 
halibut  for  thf 
now  lying  dor- 

jfitable  employ- 
n  was  less  than 
^acific  Railroatl 
nts  of  an  ever- 
of  the  market 
t  is  known  that 
•ospects  of  sue- 
ey,  as  we  need 
aufacturers. 
;r.nan  will  draw 
ish  will  be  dis- 
bip-building  in- 
;rs  of  men,  and 
:  interests,  tax- 
irket  second  to 
ure  to  build  un 


D. 

ild  ai.  \  equip  a 
,  and  that  they 
1870,  and  com- 


!  Puget  Sound  is  defin^:d  in  an  amendment  to  the  charter  as  compris- 
ing all  the  tide  waters  ccanected  with  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  South  of  the 
49th  parallel  of  latitude  u  the  United  States  territory.     A  land  subsidy 

of  twenty  alternate  sectiou!«  of  odd  numbers,  on  each  side  of  the  road 

,  in  the  territories,  and  t«;n  in  the  states  through  which  the  road  will 
pass,  with  the  right  to  go  twenty  miles  beyond  these  limits  on  each  side 

\  of  the  road  to  make  up  any  deficiency  of  lands  taken  up  by  actual  set- 
tlers prior  to  the  location  of  the  road,  is  granted  by  Congress. 

■  This  grant  will  cover  an  area  of  about  93,000  square  miles,  or  sixty 
millions  of  acres.  It  is  estimated  of  value  sufficient  not  only  to  build 
and  equip  the  road  entire  from  Lake  Superior  to  Puget  Sound,  but  will 
leave  a  surplus  sufficient  to  '•  fit  out  an  entire  fleet  for  the  China,  East 

:  India  and  coasting  trade,  of  sailing  vessels  and  steamers,  and  leave  u 
i  surplus  of  millions." 

The  advant<^es  of  this  route  are  that  it  will  run  nearly  its  whole 
.  length  through  a  rich  ;»gricultural  region  of  far  less  elevation  above  the 

■  sea  than  any  other  road  across  the  continent,  and  will  be  shorter  by 
nearly  400  miles  from  ocean  to  ocean  than  the  Central  and  Union  Pu- 

•  cific,  and  1,600  miles  nearer  from  New  York  to  Shanghai,  via  Puget 
Sound,  than  San  Francisco. 

The  subjoined  tables  will  exhibit  the  comparative  distance  and  alti- 
tude of  the  two  competing  routes  : 

i  .\LTITn>E  OF  THE   NORTH   PACH'IC  ROUTE: 

■  From  Duluth,  on  Lake  Superior,  to  Dakota  Vallev,  ;iOO  miles,  1200  feet. 
i  To  Yellow  Stone  River,  oOO  miles ." 2200  " 

-  Along  the  Yellow  Stone  100  miles 2500  " 

\  To  Flat-head  Vallev,  3<>0  milet 3500  '' 

]  To  Lewis  or  Snake  River,  200  miles 3000  " 

I  To  Puget  Sound,  500  milts 400  " 

'.  From  Lake  Su;>erior  to  Puget  Sound,  2,000  miles. 

ALTITUDE  OF  THE  I'XIOX  AND  CENTRAL    PACIFIC   ROUTES: 

•  From  Chicago  to  Omaha,  bO^)  miles 1000  feet. 

:  To  New  Cheyenne,  .MKi  miJes 3300 

:  To  Cooper's,  100  miles 7300 

To  Promontorv  Point,  485  miles  6200 

To  Huinboldt,'406  miles 4750 

:  To  Rer.o,  130  miles 4000 

;  To  Auburn,  118  miles 4400 

;    fo  Sacramento,  .36  miles 300 

To  San  Francisco,  liX>  miles 50 

From  Chicago  to  San  Francisco,  2,375  miles. 

Note. — Engineers  allow  one  mile  additional  running  time  for  every 

fifty-two  feet  of  rise  and  fall. 

The  highest  point  on  the  Central  Pacific  is  8,235  feet,  while  that  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  h  4,9.50. 

Governor  Stevens,  in  his  report  on  the  North  Pacific  Railroad,  says 
that  "  along  the  coast  the  prevailing  sea  breezos  from  the  South-West  in 
winter,  and  the  North-West  winds  in  summer,  so  modify  the  climate 
that  the  isothermal  Hue  runs  nearly  parallel  to  the  coast,  and  making 


24 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY 


the  climate  of  Puget  Sound  nearly  as  mild,  and  in  summer  more  agree- 
able than  in  San  Francisco,  while  it  corresponds  closely  with  that  of  the 
Western  coast  of  Europe  in  i,he  same  latitude,  and  especially  that  of 
the  British  Island.  The  effect  of  this  amelioration  from  the  prevalence 
of  the  South- West  sea  breeze  is  felt  in  winter,  as  has  been  here  shown, 
as  far  East  as  Fort  Uniou,  on  the  Missouri,  and  has  a  constantly  appar- 
ent effect  on  all  the  country  East  to  Fort  Benton." 

One  thousand  feet  of  ehvation  will  cause  a  fall  of  temperature 
equal  to  three  degrees,  and  taking  into  consideration  the  difference  of 
the  altitude  of  the  two  routes,  it  would  more  than  compensate  for  the 
difference  of  latitude,  aside  from  the  climatic  influences  mentioned  by 
Governor  Stevens'  report. 

The  North  Pacific  Railroad  company  by  their  charter  are  required  to 
use  American  iron  in  the  construction  of  their  road.  The  grading  of  two 
hundred  and  forty  miles,  from  Duluth,  on  Lake  Superior,  has  been  let, 
and  a  large  force  are  at  work.  The  company  has  already  taken  the  in- 
itiatory steps  to  establish  large  iron  works  near  its  Eastern  terminus,  lo 
supply  the  iron  with  which  to  build  that  portion  of  the  road.  Four  sur- 
veying parties,  of  twenty  persons  each,  are  in  the  field,  diligently 
searching  out  the  best  route  from  the  Sound. 

That  branch  from  the  Sound  to  the  Cr  imbia  River  will  no  doubt 
be  completed  during  the  summer  of  1871,  w.iich  will  enable  the  company 
to  bring  the  rich  iron  ores  of  the  Columbia,  and  the  limestone  and  coal 
of  the  Sound  together,  with  which  to  commence  the  manufacture  of  iron 
for  the  Western  portion  of  the  road. 

The  following  statements  of  comparative  distances  is  taken  from  u 
pamphlet  issued  by  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.,  entitled  "  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad's  land  grant:" 

"The  Northern  Pacific  road  will  be  the  shortest  and  therefore  fast- 
est and  cheapest  route  of  commerce  and  travel  between  Asia  and  Eu- 
rope. The  comparative  distances  between  London,  New  York,  Phila- 
delphia and  Baltimore,  and  Shanghai,  in  China,  and  Hakodadi,  in  Japan, 
by  the  two  routes,  the  San  Francisco  and  Puget  Sound,  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

OISTANCKS. 

Statutf 
Miles. 

Loi\don  to  Shaiiu;l)ai,  via.  Mediterranean  aud  Kcd  Sea ll,8fKi 

"      to  Yeddo  "  "  "  "      i:i,0(Mi 

"      to  Newlork •3,(Wi 

Chicago  to  San  Francisco  via.  Uniou  Pacific  K.  R 2,4'.'-! 

"      to  Puget  Sound  (Seattl^Northern  Pacillc  R.  R 2,140 

New  York  to  San  Francisco  via.^hicago .3,32:{ 

"      to  Puget  Sound  "         "    and  Northern  Pacific  K.  R :{,040 

Philadelphia  to  San  FranciHco  via.  Chicago  and  Uniou  Pacific  R.  R .1,-M'i 

"  to  Puget  Sound,    "  "    and  Northern  Pacific  R.  R 2,W> 

Baltimore  to  Sau  Francisco    "•    St.  Louis  aud  Uniou  Pacific  R.  R ;i,a(»<> 

"  to  Puget  Sound      "    Chicago  and  Northern  Pacific  K.  R 2,'.»(; 

Sun  Francisco  to  Shanghai    "    Sandwich  Islands 7,8<i(i 

"  to       "  "    Midway   Islands 7,10(i 

"  to  ilakodadi,  direct  route 4,81hi 

Puget  Sound  to  Shanghai,  via.  Alaska  Peninsula 5,"1<'> 

to  Hakodadi,  "         "  "         4.4(Ki 

New  Tork  to  Shanghai  via.  Chicago,  Sau  Fraucisco  and  3Iidway  Island..     10,42:t 

"  to  "         "  "         Northern  P.  R.  R  and  Puget  Sound.      8,7iVi 

Philadelphia  to      "         "  "        San  Franc. sco  and  Midway  Island...     10,34;! 

"  to      "         "  "         Northern  P.  R   K.  and  Puget  Sound.      8,()7r) 

Oaltimore  to  "         •'  St.  Louis,  U.  P.  R.  R.,  S.  Francis.  &  Mid.  Is...     10,3Hi) 

"  to  "         "  Chicago,  Northern  P.  R.  K.,  and  Puget  Sound.      8,ft')'' 


WEST  OF    THE  CASCADE  MOLXTAINS. 


a  5 


nore  agree- 
that  of  the 

ally  that  of 
prevalence 

lere  shown, 

intly  appar- 

temperature 
lifference  of 
sate  for  the 
entioned  by 

required  to 
iding  of  two 
as  been  let, 
aken  the  in- 
terminus,  to 
Four  sur- 
1,  diligently 

fill  no  doubt 
the  company 
3ne  and  coal 
cture  of  iron 

aken  from  a 
:hern  Pacific 

lerefore  fast- 
isin  and  Eu- 
York,  Philn- 
di,  in  Japan, 
are  as  fol- 


Stiitutc 
Miles. 

ll,8fKI 

i:t,00(i 

.1,():.'ii 

2,4:':i 

2,Hi) 

3,:m 

:!,(>» 

3,uM.! 

B 2,m> 

3,«Hi 

: 2,9?; 

7,mi 

7,10() 

4,8lKi 

a,7if. 

1.40(1 

land..  10,42't 

ioiiiid.  8,<r)«i 

una...  10,34;! 

louDd.  8,(17.') 

I.  Is...  10,31M) 

touud .  8,n.')M 


To  the  question  "  will  the  roiul  ht^  l)iiilt '.' "  we  cm  !,nvc'  an  emphatic 
affirmative  answer,  and  that,  too,  in  time  to  affni-il  in  dpportunity  to  cel- 
ebrate the  great  centennial  anniversary  of  the  Xational  Mirth-day,  upoi; 
the  summit  of  the  broken  down  range  of  tlio  liocky  Mountains,  amid 
settlements  far  u\>  on  tlie  mountain  sides,  if  not  to  the  very  s,  mmit. 

COAL. 

Since  the  comparatively  recent  enormous  growtli  of  steam  marine, 
the  attention  of  all  commercial  nctions  has  been  more  particidarly  di- 
rected to  deposits  of  coal  convenient  to  tlie  ocean,  than  in  former  years. 
The  question  of  a  full  supply  of  cheap  coal,  and  of  good  quality,  is  one 
of  more  tlian  ordinary  importance  tii  Puget  Sound,  considering  the  con- 
test certain  to  arise  for  the  carrying  trade  of  the  Ivist.  upon  the  com- 
])letion  of  the  North  Pacific  Railroad.  Tiie  freight  from  China  and 
.lapan  is  of  such  a  nature  that  s|)eed  is  tlie  great  consideration.  The 
line  of  railroad  across  the  continent  will  he  shorter  and  the  distance 
less  to  important  ports  of  China  and  .fapan,  yet  without  coal  to  gener- 
ate steam,  I'ugit  Sound  might  fail  in  her  laudable  aspirations  to  grasp 
this  great  trade  in  the  no  distant  future. 

Coal  is  known  to  exist  at  short  intervals  from  the  Columbia  Uiv(M' 
near  Monticello,  to  Belliugbam  Jiay,  near  our  Northern  l)ovmdary,  a 
distance  of  two  lunidred  miles.  Tiu'se  outcroppings  are  found  in  veins 
from  two  to  sixteen  feet  in  thickness,  and  vary  considerable  in  their 
([uality  so  far  as  examined,  yet  no  fair  test  has  been  given  except  ])er- 
uaps  that  at  Hi'llinghain  Hay,  and  at  the  liake  Washington  field, 
near  Seattle. 

To  particularize,  it  is  found  within  a  mile  of  tiie  Cowlitz  river,  some 
four  miles  from  Monticello  ;  then,  again,  near  Claquato,  on  the  Cheha- 
lis,  thirty-five  nulf^s  from  the  first;  then  on  the  Skookum  Chuck,  and 
a'  short  intervals  to  \\itlnn  fifteen  miles  kii'  Olympia ;  next,  on  tlie  Puy- 
allui),  Ivist  of  Commencement  bay  ;  on  Cireeii  river,  to  the  North  of 
t-lie  last  named :  then  the  Laki'  Washington  field,  seen  miles  l'',ast  of 
Seattle  ;  and  again  fifteen  miles  to  the  Ivist  and  not  three  miles  distant 
from  the  famous  .Snoqualinie  falls;  and  so  on  through  to  the  45)th  par- 
allel. That  found  on  the  West  side  of  the  Sound,  is  in  seams  not  so 
tliick  as  those  named,  yet  of  excellent  quality.  When  it  is  known  that 
this  country  is  comptiratively  yet  unex])lored,  much  of  it  unsurveyed, 
and  all  s])arsely  settled,  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  other  discoveries  will 
be  made,  and  that  in  all  probability  the  strata  underlies  the  whole  coun- 
try. That  at  HeUinghnm  Ray  is  already  worked  SOO  feet  under  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Sound. 

Twenty-five  thousand  tons  of  coal  were  shipjied  from  the  Melling- 
ham  May  mine  during  the  year  ISOi).  The  mine  iiad  lieen  on  fire  and 
was  flooded  to  extinguish  the  fire,  which  closed  it  for  three 
months  of  that  year.  One  linndri'd  tliousand  tons  jier  aniuim  can  now 
lie  taken  from  this  mine  and  deliver(nl  to  vessels,  i'lu'  liunkers  recent- 
ly erected,  together  with  the  wharf,  will  easily  clean  ')()0  tons  of  coul 
per  (lay.  They  are  of  J.OllO  tons  capacity,  and  cajiuble  of  delivering 
1,000  tons  per  day  to  vessels.  Three  vessels  can  load  at  the  same  time 
and  at  a  cost  ul"  aliout  ^.'i  per  ton. 
1 


•2« 


W  A  SUING  TON  TKKWTORY 


The  test  for  tlie  caloric  value  of  this  coal,  takin<f  the  average  of 
four  samples  of  Nrwcastle  coals,  that  of  these,  one  pound  would  ele- 
vate ()(!.();{  pounds  of  water  from  :)H°  to  212°,  Farenheit.  While  one 
pound  of  this  coal  would  affect  the  same  change  on  59.90,  while  the 
average  s])teifie  gravity  of  Newcastle  coal  was  1.2H  ;  that  from  the  Jiel- 
liiigliam  Hay  miue  was  1.31;  from  the  Lake  Washington  field  1.1  H. 
This  last  is  ilescrihed  as  being  "  nearly  as  hard  as  anthracite,  burnv 
with  a  clear  tlanie,  does  uot  emit  the  black  smoke  so  common  to  other 
coals  on  the  coast,  and  so  far  as  tried  it  is  pronounced  superior  for  pur- 
jioses  of  steam.  '  *  '  It  burns  up  thoroughly,  making  ii'i 
cJinker,  and  leaving  a  very  small  proportion  of  ashes." 

The  coiifideuce  of  caj)italists  in  the  quality  of  the  coal  found  hen 
is  best  dlustrated  by  an  account  of  the  action  tak(  n  towards  develoj)Inj: 
the  mine : 

'•The  Seattle  Coal  Company  have  just  let  a  contract  for  three  years 
for  bringing  coal  from  their  mine  to  Lake  Washington,  over  the  new 
tramway,  whicli  is  about  three  miles  in  length.  Heretofore  the  coal 
has  been  brought  by  wagons,  and  then  shipped  in  scows  by  lake  am! 
river  some  twenty-five  miles  to  Seattle.  Hut  a  more  expeditious  plan 
is  henceforth  te  be  |jursued  Steaml)oats  are  to  run  across  lakes  Wash- 
ington and  Union,  trans])orting  the  coal  to  within  a  mile  and  a  half  of 
this  place  (Seattle).  Over  this  last  distance  another  tramway  is  to  l)t 
fortlnvith  laid  down,  and  |)arties  are  now  busy  cutting  the  ties,  openin;; 
the  road,  and  preparing  everything  for  the  speedy  and  constant  shi])- 
nient  of  coal  over  this  route'.  A  warehouse  is  to  be  erecli'd  at  its  ter- 
minus on  the  bay,  where  coal  can  be  taken  in  safety  and  forwarded  tn 
San  Francisc()  and  elsewhere  as  fast  as  needed.  Th('  portage  between 
lakes  Washington  and  Union,  a  ilisiance  of  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile, 
will  be  passed  over  by  boats  on  ears,  so  constructed  as  to  require  no 
handling  of  the  coal :  it  will  be  carried  in  the  same  vessels  in  which  it 
is  received  from  the  (dnite  on  the  Kast  side  of  Lake  Washington,  all 
the  way  until  its  delivery  at  Seattle.  The  com))any  of  contractors  who 
transport  the  coal,  and  build  the  tramroad  and  boats  for  this  latter  dis- 
tance, have  bargained  to  be  ready  for  work  by  the  first  of  October  ne,vt. 
The  probability  is  that  they  will  be  ready  early  in  September.  Their 
contract  runs  for  six  years,  and  they  are  to  bring  any  amount  that  the 
markets  of  the  world  may  demand." 

Considering  the  fact  that  the  (juality  of  coal  in  Washington  Terri- 
tory is  far  superior  to  any  found  on  the  Southern  coast,  ami  that  it  ex- 
ists in  such  great  abundance  and  over  so  wide  spread  district  that  it  i^ 
not  to  be  wondered  at  that  a  recent  disinterested  writer,  upon  examinn 
tion  of  our  coal  fields,  said  that  "  nature  had  made  Washington  Terri- 
tory the  Pennsylvania  of  the  Pacific." 


HEAI/rH. 


The  tables  of  mortality  given  in  the  United  States  census  reports 
exhibits  a  marked  range  of  per  cenfage.  In  IH.'iO  the  ratio  of  death* 
to  population  were:  In  Alabama,  1  in  84;  District  of  Columbia,  1  ii 
()1  ;  Indiana.  1  in  77  :    Kentuckv,  1  in  (>r> ;    New  York.    1  in  08:    Ver 


freight, 
chased 
bear 
ferred 
ton,  to 
Sound 
an  addi 
Tl 
twentv 


average  of 

would  olo- 

While  one 

I),  while  tht 

;)m  the  Bel- 

1   field  I.IS. 

ieite,  burii^ 

ion  to  other 

•iiir  for  j)iir- 

niakiiif^   \\'< 

found  hen 
developin;: 

three  year^ 
ver  the  new 
ore  the  coal 
by   lake  ami 

ditious  plan 
lakes  Wash- 

k1  a  half  of 
way  is  to  b( 
ties,  opening 
instant  ship- 
■d  at  its  ter- 
forwarded  tn 
tage  betweei: 
er  of  a  mile. 
<>  require  m(' 
s  in  which  i; 
ishington.  all 
itractors  wlui 
lis  latter  dis- 
^ctober  next, 
nber.  Their 
)unt  that  tht 

ington  Terri 
rid  that  it  e.\ 
rict  that  it  b 
pon  examina 
ington  Terri- 


Misus  reports 
itio  of  death' 
blunibiu,  I  i' 

in  OS ;    Vir 


WKS'l  Ol'   THK  ('AS(Al)K  MOlN  TAlNS. 


mont,  1  in  KM);  Massachu.setls,  1  in  ol  ;  California,  1  in  itW ;  Minnesota 
Territory,  1  in  204  ;  Oregon  Territory.  1  in  28').  In  ISfiO,  the  deaths 
in  Arkansas  were  at  the  rate  of  one  ])erson  out  of  every  forty-eight ; 
Massachusetts  and  Louisiana,  1  in  '>1 :  Illinois  and  Indiana,  1  in  H7  : 
Kansas,  1  in  (iH :  Vermont,  1  in  92;  California.  I  in  101  ;  Oregon,  1  in 
172;  Washington  Twrritory,  1  in  22H.  Again,  from  the  Surgeon  Gen- 
eral's army  report  it  is  shown  that  the  rati')  of  deatlis  from  fever  was : 
In  New  England,  1  in  2H.'{ ;  Harbor  of  New  York.  1  in  (50;  the  Great 
Lakes,  I  in  lo9;  Jefferson  barracks  and  St.  Louis  .Vrsenal.  1  in  ll.'{  ; 
Texas  Southern  frontier,  1  in  07  :  Texas  Western  frontier.  1  in  .)29 ; 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  1  in  029. 

The  very  favorable  showing  contained  in  tiu  census  reports,  is  in 
l)art  accounted  for  by  the  difference  of  the  tlioroughii'ss  of  the  work 
in  taking  the  census  of  different  localities,  yet  we  look  forward  with 
confidence  to  the  forthcoming  census,  to  bear  out  the  assertion,  tiiat  no 
other  state  or  territory  will  compare  with  Washington  Territory  in 
health  and  longevity.  The  report  of  the  Surgeon  (ienera]  is  less  liable 
U)  error,  yet  exhibits  in  a  more  marked  degit-r  the  proportionate  deaths 
from  fever ;  while  that  of  the  five  districts  nanu'd  averaged  one  in  onw 
hundred  and  thirty-seven,  that  <if  Wasliington  Territory  was  one  in 
five  hundred  and  twenty-nine. 

There  are  no  malarial  districts  to  generate  fevers,  and  cases  of  fea- 
ver  and  ague  are  unknown.  The  nights  are  always  cool  und  refreshing, 
the  days  seldom  hot,  and  the  temperature  e(juul)le  througlioul  the  year. 
There  are  no  diseases  peculiar  to  this  country,  and  fatal  epidemics  are 
unknown.  No  case  of  hydroi)hol)ia  has  I'ver  been  reported.  Of  pois- 
onous reptiles  there  are  none.  Tiie  snake's  are  perfectly  liarmless 
throughout  this  region.  In  a  word,  life  and  person  are  as  free  from 
casualties  common  to  the  liiunan  family,  as  in  any  ])art  of  the  United 
States. 

Several  ways  are  open  to  limse  desiring  to  etnoL  lo  the  i'trritory, 
prominent  among  which  is  i)y  sail  vessels,  coming  to  the  .Sound  from 
San  Francisco  for  return  cargoo  ef  lumber.  For  the  emigrant  with 
his  family,  this,  although  rather  more  tedious,  is  by  far  the  best  route 
to  choose.  Another  route  nuicii  used  is  by  steamer,  to  Portland,  and 
tiience  overland  to  the  Sound.  The  first  mentioned  route  is  much  less 
tiresome,  does  not  cost  so  much,  is  just  as  safe,  ajid  with  this  advantage, 
that  one's  gootls  and  chattels  can  be  kej)t  with  them,  and  ready  for  use 
upon  arrival.  It  is  prol)al)]y  not  desirable  or  necessary  to  l)ring  much 
freight,  as  everytiiing  needed  for  house-keei)ing  and  c»iinfort  can  be  pur- 
chased here  uj)on  reasonable  terms,  yet  any  article  of  value  that  will 
bear  transporting  to  San  Francisco,  can  be  speedily  and  safely  trans- 
ferred to  I'uget  Sound  and  at  the  very  moderate  cost  of  five  dollars  per 
ton,  to  any  of  the  milling  ports,  and  from  thence  to  any  part  of  the 
Sound  by  si.'nii-weekly  steamers  liiuching  at  all  points  of  importance,  at 
an  additioiud  cost  of  two  dollars  per  ton. 

The  cost  of  passage,  by  sail,  from  San  Francisco  to  the  Sound,  is 
twenty-five  dollars   in  coin,  and  occupies   about    twelve  days   in  winter 


•IH 


VVASHIXOTOX  TKHKITORV 


and  twenty  in  Sunimor.  A  povsou  landed  atone  of  the  numerous  large 
luuil)ering  estaldislimeiits,  is  within  e<isy  reach  of  employment,  if  ht- 
desires  it,  and  not  far  removed  from  govwrnment  land,  in  the  river  bot- 
toms and  on  the  tide  Hats  adjacent  to  the  Sound. 

Anotlier  route  open  to  travel  is  cin.  the  moutli  of  the  Columbia 
River  to  Astoria  or  Portland,  Oregon,  thence  by  tiie  river  to  Monti- 
cello  on  the  rigiit  bank  of  the  Columbia,  and  from  this  last  point  eighty- 
tive  miles  overland  to  the  Sound.  This  route  otfers'  the  inducement  of 
speed,  as  well  as  the  opportunity  of  examining  a  far  larger  scope  of  the 
country,  anil  by  those  unincumbered  with  families  would  probably  be 
preferred. 

The  fare  from  San  Francisco  to  ()lym])ia.  (•('(/.  Portland,  by  steamer, 
payable  in  coin,  is:  from  San  Francisco  to  Portland,  co:n,  $-Hi;  steer- 
age, $20  ')0\  thence  to  Monticello,  .*1  <5(( :  thence  by  stage  to  Olym- 
pia,  $8  00.  Total,  cabin  passage,  •ij'45  50:  steerage,  S^lJO  00:  time, 
six  days.  Or,  from  Portland  tin'  traveler  can  take  the  ocean  steamer 
running  to  the  Sound  cin.  the  nu)uth  of  the  Columbia,  and  usually  go- 
ing no  further  than  Seattle.  The  fare  on  this  route  is  :  from  Portlani 
to  Seattle,  or  ])oints  below,  $'!')  00:  freight,  per  ton,  $7  (M» ;  time, 
ihrei'  days.     This  steam(;r  makes  a  trip  about  c  ery  ten  days. 

Th(!  most  im|)orlaut  routes  of  travel  in  the  Territory  r'lus  North 
and  South  at)ont  midway  from  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
to  the  F.ast.  and  the  Coast  Range,  bordering  on  th''  Pacific  Ocean,  or, 
the  West.  From  Monticello,  near  the  Columbia  River,  to  Olympia.  ui: 
the  Sound,  it  is  sixty-six  miles,  overland,  on  an  airline;  from  thence  to 
the  Northern  boundary,  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  miles.  Hy  the  us- 
ual traveled  routft  it  is  much  furtiier. 

KHo.Al  iiLVjieiA  sofTii  itY  STAi.K  !:o.\i)  : 

Ti)  tlu'  lirst  crossing'  of  llic  ('licliiili.-: :(0  inilcs. 

"  (^liiqimto,  imd  si'c'iikI  ci'osNiii^'  of  the  Cliclialis 7  '• 

••  McDouiild'N.    slHu'i'stiition.) l.i  " 

■•   I'majiliry's  LaiidliifX,  1)11  till'  Cowlitz,  (Kfiif,'c  station,) 14  " 

"  Jacksoii'ti,  on  Arl<iui»^;is  n-cck,  (stafic  station,} 10  " 

■   Monticello,  on  tin;  CowlUz,  and  near  tlie  nmntli  of  this  river !'J  " 

i'roin  Olyaipiii  to  Monticello ■%■)  •' 

The  first  thirty  miles  is  over  alternate  prairie  and  timber — soi 
gravelly  and  sandy,  and  the  road  good.  Th-  balance  is  a  clay  region, 
muddy  in  winter  and  I'ough  all  the  time.  Stage  time  :  leave  Olympia 
at  2  o'clock  \,  M.,  and  reach  Monticello  next  day  at  ;)  \.  M. ;  rest  at 
Pumphry's  seven  hours.     A  daily  mail  is  carried  by  stage  over  this  route. 

Iliu.M    MONI'KKM.O    HV    O.Vll.y    >TK.\>I  Kli.-  : 

To  till'  C'oliiniliiii  Ki\  I'r -  niih's. 

"  ViiiK'oin  I'l',  uji  rixer II    '' 

"    CllHCfldcK i'i      " 

Kroin  Monticello  to  the  CHSoadrs s.i    " 

I'ltiiM  .>'(>N  ri<  Kii.o  iiDWN  Till:  i:i\i:u  uy    riti-WEKKLV  stk.vmkks: 

To  Oak  I'oint ^.-O  niiUs 

"  CHtlilamel IJ     " 

''  Pai'illc  ("ity,  near  th<'  niontli  of  thi- folumbia 4"     " 

From  .Moiiticillo  to  I'acilic  City T'J     '• 

The  daily  steamers  from  Monticello  up  the  river  reach  Portland, 
Oregon,  in  eight  hours  ;  distance,  50  miles. 

The  tri-weekly  steamers  reach  .\storia,  Oregon,  and  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia,  in  six  hours ;  distance,  (iO  miles. 


lerous  large 

meat,  if  hi 

river  hot- 


Colunibiii 

to  .Mouti- 

oint  eigljt\  - 

ncement  of 

scope  of  thf 

)rohably  hi- 

by  steamer. 
•■5() :  steer- 
Cc  to  Olvm- 
0  00:  tinu. 
eau  steamer 
usually  g(i- 
m  I'or'tlaui 
00;  time, 
s. 

ri:iis  \ortli 

Mountains. 

c  Ocean,  or. 

Olympia.  on 

>ni  thence  to 

Hv  the  us. 


—  .{O  null's. 

—  12  '• 
....  14  " 

—  10  " 

—  rj  " 

—  •<>  •' 

timber — ,soi 
clay  region, 

ive  01ym])ia 
M. ;    rest  at 

L>r  this  route, 


-...    -t  milps- 
....  41    " 
....  4-2   " 

....   S5     " 

.\.UKI<K  : 

....  M  mill's. 
....   1-J     " 
....  4<i     " 


ch  Portland, 
ir  the  mouth 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY 


•i;i 


These  steamers  run  as  an  accommodation  line,  touching  at  all 
points  on  either  bank  of  the  river  where  local  bu«ines.«  offers,  thus  ex- 
tending the  time  for  through  travel. 

l-lio.I  ()I.V.Mri.\  .NOIiTII  ItV  -.KMl  WKKKI-T  >TE.»MKR.s: 

I'o  Steiliirodiii 24  miles. 

"  'rucoiiia 17  " 

"  .Scuttle :il  " 

•  I'ort  Madison 12  " 

•'  I'ort  (;aiiil)lc :i(i  '• 

"   I'ort  Ludlow 11  •' 

'•   I'ort  Towiiseiid 17  •' 

•'   \'i(ttoiiii,    15.  C .VI  •' 

Trom  Olympia  to  Victoria IS2  *' 

The  time  occupied  in  running  from  Olympia  t  ictoria  is  twenty- 
two  hours. 

KliO.M    iil.y.MCIA    XoKTU,  <tVV|;l.\JIU: 

To  Stcilacoom 22  miles. 

"   Kraiikliti.  on  the  I'liyalluj) Hi  " 

••  tirst  i-roKKiny  of  .Stuck 2  " 

•'  si'cond     "           •'         .5  '' 

"  Slan^'liter  Post  Oltico i  " 

"  tlie  croNsinj>:  of  White  Kiver :{  " 

•'  White  Kiver  Tost   Oftice 2  " 

"  the  erossiuj^of  lUaok  Ifiver 10  " 

"  Seattle 12  " 

I'rom  <ilyni))ia  to  Seattle 7ti  " 

I'liOM    OI.Y.MIM.V  WE.sT,  ••VEBUAXO: 

To  settlements  near  tlie  l.,ow<'r  Chelialis .'(-■{ 

•'  Satso]!  Creek,  (tide  water,) ti     •' 

"  Wynootche  Creek,  (tide   ivater,) s     i> 

'•  the  tnoutli  of  the  riiehalis  and  Uray's  Ilarl«ir i:i     " 

i''roni  (.(lyiiiiiia  to  the  mouth  ol  the  <'hellali^ tid 

From  Steilacoom  East,  via.  Nah-cht»s  Pa».».  to  WaUula  or  Old  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  East  of  the  Cascade  Mountain;,  it  \i  225  miles.  This  road 
was  opened  through  the  mountains  for  wagons  in  18.j:j,  by  an  emi- 
grant train  and  citizens.  In  18a4  the  government  spent  §20,000  on  it 
as  a  military  road,  and  a  large  number  of  emigrants  came  over  it  that 
year  with  their  wagons.  iSubsequently  this  route  has  become  blocked 
uj)  with  timber,  and  only  used  as  a  pack  trail  or  for  loose  animals. 
KKo.M  sKATii.i;  i;.vsrwAi:i),  \  ia.  .>X«»«/i'.%l.3nE  I'As.s: 

To  (Mymer's  I'ojst  Ofiice,  on  Black  iiivcr 11  miles. 

"  Squak y  " 

"  Sno'|U:ilniic  Kiver l,s  " 

"            "         summit 2.!  " 

"  liUke  Kitchelas a  '• 

•'    rhori)'s 24  " 

■'   rmatillaCity 110  " 

I'rom  Scat;"-  to  Umatilla  City ^(Hi  " 

'I'his  road  is  open  for  wagons  across  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  the 
prairie.  Within  the  last  five  years  seven  thousand  dollars  has  been  ex- 
pended on  it  by  the  Territory  and  King  count),  together  with  private 
subscriptions.  King  county  is  now  expending  4l,dOO  more  this  present 
season. 


I 


I 


WAsHismas  rKUunoRY 


j/j//.  Horri-js. 


f 
I 


From  Olympia  if*  *tcii»cooni  city,  'I'f  miles,  and  back,  tlirue  tinier 
a  week,  by  stage 

From  Olympia.  *«  Arradia  and  Oakland,  to  Skokoniish,  '-W  milt's, 
iiiul  back,  oiifc  a  w      l.         ••>;\ly.. 

From  Olymjiiu.  .}  (.  darviilt',  Elma,  Moatezano,  lloquim,  Che- 
lialis  Point,  hruccj^u.i.  Fi.it  W'illopa,  Oysti-rville  and  Unity,  to  As- 
toria, Or..  ITS  miit*.  iirwi  hiack.  once  a  week. 

l-'rom  Olympiia  '.ft  Yeim,  'l'\  miles,  imd  back,  oucc  a  week,  horse- 
i)ack. 

From  Oiyiupih  W  Tcumwater,  Coal  Hank,  Grand  Mound,  Skookuni 
Cliuek,  C'luquato,  Grjuad  Prairie,  Castle  llock  and  Freeport,  to  Monti- 
eelli),  and  l>ack.  >Cix  a«fer-»  a  week,  by  staj^e,  H,5  miles. 

From  Olympim  by  Stfeilacoom  city,  Seattle,  Port  Madison,  Port 
Clamljle.  Vmi  J^udluir,  I*f>rt  Townscnd  and  Port  Angeles,  to  Victoria, 
IJ.  C,  2(K)  mile^^.  aiwa  ii»idii.  tvrice  a  week,  in  steamers. 

From  ('l»(ju8tt<j  v^  Koi+fort,  10  miles  and  l)ack,  once  a  week,  horse- 
back. 

From  Port  T'^imw^vi  to  Port  Discovery,  seven  miles,  and  back, 
once  a  week,  \j\  srag*. 

From  SkookuMi  ^Ifciack  i>y  wSaunders'  Prairie  and  Cowlitz,  to  Grand 
I'rairie,  W  iiu'lt*-  MjhII  if«wk.  once  a  week,  horseback. 

From  .Sleilaffj.  "  '•y  tu  Franklin,  KiA  mile!-,  :'-al  back,  once  a 
week,  hur^eiiack 

From  Viuieou<  .',  ,v  (  atl»la[)oodle,  I'nion  Uidge,  J.iiieoln  and  Pe 
kin,  to  Freeport.  *;i  :»!;;-:>•.  ind  back,  once  a  week. 

From  BfccUil':.  ,;.  Makiiteo.  Tulalip,  Snohomish,  Coui)ville,  Swino- 
mish.  Utsaiad)  ai^u  >ak.t^t  rivtT,  to  Whatcom,  l(Ji)  miles,  and  back,  onei 
a  week,  in  steamt-j*-, 

F\om  Seattjf,  tjij  tireeport  and  Port  Hlakely,  to  Port  Orciiard,  :>(> 
rniles,  and  back,  ujjtie  ;ji  week,  by  steamers. 

From  Seattle,  hj  White  River  and  Slaughter,  to  Franklin.  .SH^ 
miles,  and  back,  ur.r.-  .\  week,  horseback. 


legal 


LAShS  AM)   LAM)   I'rr/J'JS. 


population  being  sparse,  and  land  to  l)e  had 
it.     There  is   no  controversy   respecting  titles 


Land  ha*-  ru}-r^<'  . 

.dimply  by  reKi'iiai^    .  _    _     ,  ^      _ 

except,  perhilp^.  in  s  waail  di.itrict  formerly  claimed  by  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company,  w-  m  ^.y  style  themselves,  Puget  Sound  Agricultural 
C'ompany.     Tht   Uiiiiiaifii  States  Government  having  purchased  all  the 


rhe  United  States,  Jms  settled  that  question, 
n  surveying  the  land,  and  hence  it  may  be 
no  disturbing  elements  respecting  land  titles 

r  to  the  year  18.54,  obtained  their  title  under 


rights  of  the  coiu: 
and  are  this  pre>- 
fairly  stated  that  r.L  : 
in  the  Territory. 

The  early  svt;t>^  .      .  .  -.  _.  _-„ ,  

the  operation  tA  tl*';    ir;n.ition  law,  giving  at  first  640  acres,  and  late 


uoe  times 

,  'Mi  miles. 

iiiin,  Che  ■ 
ly,  to    As- 

■ek,  horse- 

Skookuiu 
to  Monti- 

li.soa,  Port 
o  Victoria, 

eok,  hoi'hf- 

and   buck, 

£,  to  Grand 

ack,  once  a 

ulii  antl  Pf 

ille,  Swino- 
l  l)ack,  ont'L 

:)rchar(i,  :5f» 

•ankliu.  :iHf, 


il  to  he  had 
I'cting  title.'" 
(-■  Hudson*!* 
Agricultural 
used  all  the 
at  {[uestion, 
B  it  may  hv 
g  land  titles 

;•  title  under 
s,  and  later 


WEST  OF  THK  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


31 


.'120  acres,  to  heads  of  families,  and  half  that  quantity  to  single  persons. 
Comparatively  few  claims  were  taken  under  the  first  provision,  and 
hence  half  and  quarter  section  claims  are  the  rule  in  settled  portions  of 
the  Territory.  'Hie  titles  to  these  claims  are  safe  and  subject  to  private 
sale  at  prices  ranging  from  three  to  twenty  dollars  per  acre,  according 
to  the  quality  of  the  soil,  the  location  and  the  improvements  made.  In 
addition  to  this,  all  the  land  surveyed  prior  to  IHOO-fjl  has  been  "  off- 
ered," and  hence  is  now  subject  to  private  entr). 

•'  There  are  two  classes  of  ])ublic  lands;  the  one  class  at  IfSl  2o  per 
acre,  which  is  designated  as  minimmn,  and  the  other  at  i$2  50  per  acre, 
double  ndnimum.  Where  every  alternate  section  of  odd  numbers  is 
granted  to  a  railroad,  the  i)alance  is  held  as  dovble  minimum.'^  Title 
may  be  acquired  by  purclinsi;,  at  public  sale,  or  by  ordinary  private  en- 
try, and  by  virtue  of  the  pre-emption  and  homestead  laws. 

Since  the  passage  of  the  homestead  law  in  18(i2,  there  has  been  no 
land  ofl'ered  at  public  s,de,  and  hence  all  the  land  surveyed  since 
that  date  has  been  left  for  the  actual  settler  under  the  homestead  and 
pre-emption  laws. 

Homestead  claims  can  be  taken  on  surveyed  land  to  the  extent  of 
one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  on  minimum  and  eighty  acres  on  double 
niinimnm  by  paying  the  oft^pe  fees,  amounting  to  $22  00. 

IJy  a  recent  act  of  Congress,  soldiers  having  served  three  months 
in  the  army  and  having  an  honoral)]e  discharge,  are  entitled  to  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  acres  under  the  homestead  law,  on  double  minimum,  or 
alternate  reserved  sections. 

"  Pre-emptions  to  the  extent  of  one  quarter  section  may  be  made 
under  the  gL'noral  pre-emption  laws  ujjon  '  offered '  ami  '  unottered ' 
land ;  in  certain  cases,  including  Washington  Territory,  "  may  have 
legal  inception  by  actual  settlement  upon  unsurveyed  land,  although  in 
such  cases  no  definite  proceedings  can  be  had  as  to  the  completion  of 
title  until  after  the  surveys  are  officiallv  returned  to  the  district  land 
office." 

'•The  act  of  March  .'J,  18."i;j,  extends  the  pre-emption  for  one  quar- 
ter, or  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  at  $2  oO  per  acre  to  every  '  alter- 
nate' United  States  or  reserved  section  along  the  line  of  railroads." 

The  second  section  of  the  act  of  .July  14,  1870,  requires  that  "all 
claimants  of  jjre-emption  rights  shall  hereafter,  wbc.i  .'o  shorter  period 
of  time  is  now  prescribed  by  law,  make  the  proj'er  pro  f  and  payment 
for  land  claimed,  within  eigliteen  months  after  '.he  date  prescribed  for 
filing  their  declaratory  notices  shall  have  expired :  Provided,  That  where 
said  date  shall  have  elapsed  before  the  passage  of  this  act,  said  pre- 
emptor  shall  have  one  year  after  the  passage  hereof,  in  which  to  make 
such  proof  and  payment." 

"  This  act  leaves  the  provisions  of  law  as  heretofore  respecting 
'  offered  lands '  viz :  filing  within  thirty  days,  and  payment  within 
twelve  months  after  settlement."  Upon  surveyed  unoffered  land,  filing 
within  three  montiis  and  payment  within  twenty-one  months  after  settle- 
ment. 

There  are  two  lanil  offices  West  of  the  mountai.is,  one  at  Olympia, 
on  the  >ound.  and  one  at  Vancouver,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Colum- 
bia River. 


4: 


::2  .    WEST  OF  THK  CASCADK  MOIXIAIXS. 

The  final  location  of  tlu-  Xorth  Pacific  Jlailroad  will,  no  doubt,  be 
made  imine<liatcly,  and  upon  which  the  Government  will  withdraw  from 
settlement  the  alternate  od<l  sections  for  a  '-egion  of  country  forty  miles 
wide  on  each  side  of  the  line,  and  hold  the  balance,  or  even  numbers, 
as  double  minimum,  or  at  ii!2  .>()  per  acre  if  entered,  or  give  80  acres 
for  homestead  right. 

The  policy  of  the  railroad  company  in  conformity  to  their  interest, 
will  be  to  encoura<?e  settlement,  and  hence  there  can  be  no  doubt  but 
every  facility  will  be  aftbrded  for  distributing;  the  land  at  such  a  price, 
and  u|)on  such  terms  as  will  insure  a  speedy  settlement.  There  is  no 
restriction  respecting;  the  price  at  which  the  company  may  sell  their 
land  until  the  expiration  of  five  years  after  the  completion  of  the  road  : 
after  that  date,  the  company  must  sell  for  Al>  ■'»()  per  acre. 


TRADE  or  PUG  LIT  SOUM). 


The  I'acijic  Tribune  of  Sept.  ^.Jth,  ISOi),  says  :  liy  the  kindness 
of  Major  Van  liokkelen,  of  the  (,'ustom  House,  we  have  been  furnished 
with  the  following  statement  of  the  trade  of  Puget  Sound  District  No. 
KKJ,  from  July  1st,  1S(3S,  to  .hme  ;}()th,  1.S61): 

Coasting  trade  between  Puget  Sound  and  San  ^'rancisco — vessels 
enrolled  and  licensed  in  I'uget  Sound  District :  \'-i  schooners,  1  brig. 
'_'.5  l)arks  and  barkentines,  4  ships  and  8  steamers ;  total.  .11  vessels. 
Total  tonnage,  17,4;{y  .1()-1()()_. 

Vessels  engaged  in  coasting  trade  that  are  enrolled  and  licensed  in 
San  Francisco  District;  .'J  schooners,  o  brigs,  18  barks  and  barkentines. 
,-)  ships;  total,  .'H  vessels.     Total  tonnage,  12,8;}!)  <>8-l()(l. 

Xumber  of  registered  vessels  that  cleared  coastwise  during  the 
year  ending  June  I5()th,  18(59:  ol  vessels;  lonnage,  '2'),(H<'). 

The  vessels  engaged  in  the  coasting  trade  between  this  district  and 
San  Francisco,  have  for  the  past  ten  years,  never  averaged  less  tliau 
seven  trips  anuuallv,  which  makes  the  clearances  coastwise  as  follows, 
for  the  year  ending  June  .'JOth,  18()i)  :  2Gl,;}<vS  :j(j.l()(i  tons  leaving  the 
district. 

The  shipments  coastwise,  as  far  as  can    hv  obtained  correctly,  are 

as  follow.s : 

KKKT.  \Ai.rt;. 

riles.  s|)iirs  :nicl  siiwid   hmibor,  (roii<,'li,;  all  kinds lo:i.r)(io.iKH(  ,Si,():ir),(M)(i 

Pressed  himliiT  of  .'ill  kinds .•.•j..')(ki,(hk»  i.dja.oiKi 

(  oiil,  tons -.M.ivso  ;i»:i,'.i.;ii 

.Misfi'llani'oiis  article!-  of  niereliiUidise :)!l,:")i«i 

X'uml)er  of  vessels  engaged  in  trading  between  the  ports  on  the 
Sound,  that  never  leave  the  district:  1")  steamers,  1. ;}.')<)  ;f'>-l{)0  tons: 
24  sloops,  174  ;51-l(tO  tons;  i»  schooners,  227  .•{4-100  tons.  Forty- 
eight  vessels,  l,7u2  04  tors. 

foreign  trade  during  the  year  ending  June  .')0.  l,S()!i:  142  Ameri- 
can vessels.  ;}8. 7-')!)  •:JG-10()  tons  ;  41  foreign  vessels.  1!).2').>  i»0-100tons. 
'I'otai.  18;5  vessels,  r,8.01,>  2(i-100  tons. 

Artiel's  of  foreign  ex[inrt  ;ind  value  ; 


WEST  Of  THE  CASCADl':  MOlXTAINS. 


doubt,  be 

(haw  from 

forty  inik's 

numbers. 

re  80  acres 

ir  interest, 
doubt  but 
cb  a  price, 
i'bere  is  no 
,■  sell  tbeir 
'  the  road  : 


e  kindness 
11  furnished 
)istriet  Xo. 

20 — vessels 
ers,  1  brig-. 
.jI    vessels. 

licensed  in 
larkcntines. 


during  the 


district  and 

d  less  than 

as  follows. 

leaving  the 

)rrcctly,  are 

vAi.ri;. 

tin)  .si,inr),(«Hi 

:;'.l,:VNi 

)()rts  on  the 
;9-10()  tons: 
lis.      Forty- 

I4'J  Anieri- 
<)()- 10(1  tons. 


\  Al.l  K. 
l.iviu;,MiuiiiiiilH,  l:i,-.'H.-,  h.ji.l $llM,r.(i'i 

<ir"i" ;•'',• 

Kloiir ''"" 

K u r» ■ ' ' : '  : 

Cot t oil  iiiaii iil'ai-t  11  ruH . ' '•>  !•' 

M ixet'lliiiifoiis  iiieiTliaiidixt' ir,,(H).i 

IMovi-iioiiH ■ JS^-l'' 

Lumber,  »piirH,  jillfs  uiul  lumber  imnortco n,  ,ih^ 

KKi-Arrrri.iriu.N. 

Whole  amount  of  eoastwlsi-  toiiiuiir* '-"  ■'•'"'  't"  I"" 

"  "     furei^  trailc  tuniiii;;)' '••  .JS.Dl.)  ■.'il  Ino 

Total  toinia(,'e :ll-.t,:is:i  lu'  HH' 

\  iiliii'  of  exports  eoaRtwioe ft'.',-', «, I .'o 

'>  "  forei^ )'.K>,','N' 

Total  value  of  exports .*.i,r;:!,;<Mi 

Imports  coastwise  cannot   be  ascertained,  as  vessels  trading  coast- 
wise do  not  report  at  Custom  House. 

KlII'.l.K.N    1M1'U|!I>. 

\  AMI.. 

Mei  ^'Iiaiidise  admitted  free  of  duty »  l.«'''"'  "" 

'.".t.v iiif,'  duties "-'^''  *' 

.Sii:i,<,tsl  -11 
The  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  Puget  Sound  District,  as 
far  as  -^an  be  ascertained,  .S'2,8;57,1>S7  41. 

Vessels   sailing  out  of  district  regularly,  under  temporary   i^ipers 
issued  in  this  district;  15  barks,  tonnage.  ().:5T2  !»() ;  two  steamers,  ton- 
nage, 579  48.     Total,  6,9.j2  :5S  tons. 
Total  tonnage  recorded  in  district : 

TONS. 

S2  Bail  vessels -";;<"'^!^'  i^' 

IN  Steamers ''rt'-iH  71 

•Jt.'.H.'i  Cm 

Vessels  built  in  the  district  during  the  year. 

IONS. 

•^  sloops ■ ,'■-      , 

li  seliooners •''*'  '•' 

4  barks  and  barkentiiies '.'''14  .>! 

1  bii" -'■'•  *"' 

."i  steamers '"  " 

:t,7s-.'  AZ 

The  following  statement  has  iieen  kindly  furnished  by  Hon.  M.  S. 
Drew,  Collector  of  Customs  for  Puget  Sound  District,  for  the  year  enl- 
ing  .lane  30,  1870: 

Value  of  "oods  inijxirted  from  foreign  countries .«i:i:i,l(r)  oo 

Amount  o°f  dutie^  eollected 4I.:!-!C.  (hi 

KXPORTS  OK  |if(MKSTl<;  I'HOlllCK. 

Value  exported  Ib  Ameriean  vessels $2!tl,OIO  (Hi 

,1  u         "    Foreign        "         HIMKId  (mi 

Total  exports  forei^ .$440,915  (H. 

Live  animals  of  all  kinds..    '^;K'!!  IH! 

Lumber  of  all  kinds '-I' '-■■;^   *' 

A 11  other  articles '"'-"^  "" 

$440, '.Mu  (K) 


5-  ■■■ 

II 


:{4 


WASHINGTON  TKllUnOKY 


TONNAOK  UKI,ON«l!»«J   Tft  THK   DIHTltK  T. 

•iJ  sailing,' vckhpIh i:|,7IIOli 

lit  Nti'uiiii'rH '.',015  K 

s  HvowH  and  bar^jon 140  rr 

Total  toniia<{i' l6,H<i:  ;.'! 

Vessels  cleared  duriiii;;  the  year :  American  vestiels  for  foreign 
countries — 115  steamers,  4  ships,  13  l)ark8,  2  brijjs,  l.'l  sehoonerH,  2 
sloops  ;  total  number  of  vessels,  149  ;  number  of  tons,  .5.5,<)()G  2.} ; 
number  of  men,  2,105. 

Foreign  vessels  for  foreign  countries :  (J  steamers,  16  ships,  6 
barks,  'A  sloops;  total,  HI  ;  number  of  tons,  IK, 227  42;  crew,  45t). 

American  vessels  coastwise:  21)  steamers,  11  ships,  18  barks,  1 
l)rig  and  5)  schooners ;  total,  OH;  number  of  tons,  31,779  74;  crew' 
1,092.  Total  number  of  vessels  cleared,  248 ;  total  number  of  tons, 
l(M),6i;i  41  ;  crews,  3,653. 

Vessels  entered  during  the  year  :  American  vessels  from  foreign 
countries — 95  steamers,  1  ship,  10  barks,  1  brig,  18  schooners  and 
22  sloops;  total,  148;  number  of  tons,  39,840  06;  crews,  1,852. 

Foreign  vessels  from  foreign  countries :  6  steamers,  7  ships  and 
3  sloops  ;  total,  16  ;  number  of  tons,  5,366  57  ;  crews,  ($2. 

American  vessels  coastwise :  39  steamers,  18  ships,  43  harks,  3 
brigsand  6  schootiers ;  total,  109;  number  of  tons,  i)o,o(jl  18  ;  crews, 
1,853.  Total  numl)er  of  American  vessels  entered,  272  ;  total  number 
of  tons,  100,767  81  ;  total  number  of  crews,  3,502. 

In  the  coasting  trade  belonging  to  other  ports  there  are  eighteen 
vessels,  ciz:  1  ship,  12  barks,  1  brig  and  4  schooners:  total,  18  ;  num- 
ber of  tons,  7,761  25, 

The  value  of  the  sliipmunls  cra-siwise  cannot  be  obtained  from  any 
other  source  than  the  mills  fr-m  tihicl  the  lumber  is  shipped,  us  vessels 
do  not  clear  from  this  port  unlesf.  .'uiiling  under  a  register. 

The  year's  shipment  coastv'-t;:  s  estimated  at  three  million  dollars, 
being  an  increase  over  the  picccding  year  of  nenrly  three  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

Imports  coastwise  cannot  be  ascertained,  as  the  vessels  are  not 
obliged  to  report  at  the  Custom  House  except  in  certain  cases. 


SHIP  BUILDING. 


Eighteen  vessels,  of  all  kinds,  including  five  steamers,  were  built 
on  the  Sound  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  1869.  The  statistics  are 
not  at  hand  for  the  year  1869-70,  but  it  is  known  that  not  so  many  have 
been  built  as  during  the  previous  year,  in  consequence  of  the  low  rate 
of  freights  prevailing  on  the  coast  and  elsewhere.  A  ship  of  1,000 
tons  burden  is  on  the  stocks  at  Port  Madison,  building  by  Messrs. 
Meigs  &  Gawley  of  that  place.  Some  schooners  are  building  for  the 
cod  fisheries  of  the  North,  and  steamers  for  local  trade. 

The  board  of  marine  underwriters  of  San  Francisco,  during  the 
year  1867,  instituted  an  inquiry  respecting  the  cost  of  ship  building  on 
the  Pacific  coast,  as  compared  with  Eastern  ship  yards.  The  facts  de- 
veloped by  these  inquiries  were  that  vessels  could  be  built  of  the  tim- 


WKST  OF  THK  CASCADK  MOUNTAINS. 


».', 


..i:i,7ii  (H) 
....  a.oia  x7 

....      MO  77 

....I5,«<c  ;:i 
or  foreign 

hooiUTrt,  2 

;.5,«)()6  2.5; 

(i  shijis,   H 

8  burks,  1 

74 ;   crew* 

ler  of  tons, 

)in  tbroigii 
joners  and 
,852. 
ships  and 

['<i  barks,  :} 
18  ;  crows, 
till  number 

re  eighteen 
,  18  ;  num- 

'd  Ironi  any 
1,  as  vessels 

lion  dollars, 
ee  hundred 

lels  are  not 

S8. 


,  were  built 
tatistics  are 

many  have 
the  low  rate 
lip  of  1,000 

by  Messrs. 
ling  for  the 

during  the 
building  on 
l>o  facts  de- 

of  the  tim- 


ber found  on  this  coast,  all  other  Knish  the  .same,  at  .<  less  price  than  on 
■the  Atlantic  sea-board. 

The  committee  appoiutwd  to  make  the  investigation  say  : 
"  The  growth  of  the  business  has  also  been  hindered  by  grav*- 
doubts  as  to  the  strength  and  durability  of  .;ur  firs  •.vhen  used  as  shi|) 
timber.  The  predilections  of  all  Americ m  and  iMiglish  shipwrights  arc 
naturally  for  oak  ;  but  oak  has  been  scarce,  or  rather  the  oak  of  this 
coast  has  generally  been  found  worthless  for  these  ])nr|)oses,  while  only 
the  laurel  has  been  found  suitable  as  a  substitute  for  it.  Sufficient  time 
has,  however,  elapsed  to  prove  to  us  that  we  have  several  kinds  of  ship 
timber  in  the  greatest  abundunc"  and  of  a  size  and  quality  in  ever\ 
way  better  adapted  for  shi])  buiiding  than  'Jie  timber  used  for  many 
years  back  on  tne  coast  of  Slainc  or  tlie  British  Provinces. 

"llKD  .\X1)  Yki.i.ow  FlK. —  These  trees,  which  constitute  about  one- 
half  of  the  dense  growth  of  timlier  of  Orego;.  and  Washington  Terri- 
tory, have  become  celebrated  throughout  the  world  f(n-  their  magnificent 
proportions  and  the  serviceabli  quality'"  of  the  .spars  and  lumber  sup- 
plied from  them.  They  frequently  furnish  sticks  IJO  feet  long,  IHxlK 
and  even  24.\24  inches  scjuare,  without  a  particle  of  sap,  without  a  rent 
or  check,  perfectly  sound  and  straight.  I'lanks  of  this  timber,  (iO  and 
00  feet  long  are  readily  obtiiinable.  thus  avoiding  the  necessity  for  more 
than  one-third  to  one-half  as  many  l)utts  or  scarjihs  in  a  ship's  sides, 
decks,  or  fore-and-aft  timbers  as  are  required  in  F.astern  or  European 
vessels.  As  to  the  strength  of  these  woods  many  mechanics  think  it 
fully  equal  to  that  of  Eastern  white  oak,  and  they  all  agree  that  if  oak 
be  stronger,  nothing  is  easier  than  to  use  ei.ough  more  of  our  fir  to 
make  up  the  dift'erence  in  strength.  In  some  other  respects  the  fir  has 
the  advantage  over  oak.  It  contains  just  enough  pitch  to  enable  it  to 
hold  iron  fastenings  with  a  tenacity  so  great  that  bolts  and  spikes  gen- 
erally break  before  they  will  draw  out  of  it.  Iron  never  becomes  "sick'" 
when  imbedded  in  it,  as  it  does  when  corroded  by  the  acid  which  satu- 
rates all  kinds  of  oak.  As  to  its  durability,  we  know  that  altiiongh  it 
has  not  yet  been  tested  as  the  sole  mat«i' ;'  of  a  guano  or  peppei'  ship, 
yet  it  bus  been  extensively  used  for  new  timbers,  planking,  ceiling  decks, 
keelsons  and  staneheons,  in  large  vessels  repaired  on  the  coast ;  It  har< 
been  the  sole  material  used  in  building  our  coasting  and  river  schoon- 
ers;  it  has  i)uilt  \hi'  ('hri/sopvlis:  Y<"<emite,  Capital,  Geo.  S.  Wright, 
•lohn  T.  Wriijlit,  and  many  other  rivei  .Reamers.  It  has  been  used  in 
doubling  and  rebuilding  all  the  old  steamers  on  this  coast,  and  wc  have 
never  i/e.t  met  a  ship-master  u-ho.  daring  our  fifteen  gears  of  this  kind 
of  experience,  has  compldined  of  its  irant  of  durability." 

"TidI'.-Land  Sl'KUCK. — This  tree  is  also  abundant  in  mar.y  parts  of" 
Washington  Territory,  Oregon  and  Alaska.  It  resembles  the  hackma- 
tack of  the  Eastern  States,  and  is  particularly  suitable  for  top  timbers 


*N<rrK. — Kxpt'riiiK'iits  imulc  !)>•  tlio  Frcni'Ii  uuthoritii's  in  tliu  impiriiil  dock 
yard  nt  Toalon,  .sliow  lliiit  tuiists  from  \'uue(>iivor's  Island  an'  superior  lo  tlii'  b<;st 
I'lasH  of  Itiga  spars.  Tlie  n-port  of  the  French  cnsjinctii's,  wliich  is  cqr.ally  appli- 
cable to  tlKMiuists  and  Hi)ars  of  l*Ui,'ft  Sound,  says :  "  The  principul  quality  of 
tlie»e  woods  1r  a  flexibility  and  tenacity  of  fibre  rarely  met  with  in  t.ves  so  a|,'ed  ; 
they  may  be  bent  and  twisted  several  times  in  contrary  directious  without  break- 
ing'," and  possesses  other  rare  qualities,  sudi  ;i8  "exceptional  dinieni'ions,  strcn<jth 
Jiud  llj'htneNH,  absence  of  knots,  &c." 


'•W, 


W A S rtiX(iT()N  tkllRn ORY 


iiiul  p.i'tunil  ciook.s.  Knees  ami  breasthooks  of  almost  iuiy  size  can  l)o 
|)rocure(l  from  it ;  indeed,  it  is  our  principal  dependence  for  these  ptn'- 
lions  of  a  vessel's  frame,  on  account  of  its  spreadin<<  its  roots  Hat  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  The  durability  of  this  wood  is  believed  by 
mechanics  to  l)e  about  the  same  as  that  nf  hackmatack.  It  holdt  iron 
fastenings  remarkably  well,  and  grows  to  a  size  sufKeient  for  all  ship- 
l)uilding  purposes." 

••Yki.i.ow  C'i:I).\r. — This  tree  is  undoubtedly  the  most  valuable  of  all 
our  trees  for  siiip-t)uil(ling.  It  is  found  in  great  quantities  at  Coos  Ray, 
whence  along  the  coast  of  Oregon  to  Port  Orford  ;  also,  on  the  islaiuls 
and  main  land  of  Alaska.  The  Indians  of  the  latter  Territory  iiave  for 
ages  used  its  trunk  for  their  canoes.  A  vessel  built  of  it  at  Sitka,  thirty 
years  ago,  was  recently  examined,  fivt  years  after  she  was  wrecked,  by 
the  officers  of  the  revenue  st  'amer  Lincoln,  and  the  timbers  appeared 
as  sound  and  ])erfect  as  on  the  day  she  was  launched.  This  cedar  is 
tnuch  Hner  grained,  handsomer,  more  dense,  and  a  better  timber  in  all 
respects  than  any  other  cedar  known.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  17-5  feet, 
with  a  diameter  of  four  feet.  It  is  probably  the  finest  material  for 
decks  in  the  wo'l''.  ' 


•' WuiTK  ('i:i).VK. — This  tree,  the  common  cedar  of  the  Eastern 
States,  is  found  al)undantly  on  tne  mountains  in  Washington  Territory. 
It  possesses  here  the  same  (jualities  as  elsewhere,  and  is  just  as  suitable  for 
ship-building,  and  just  as  durable  here  as  at  the  East.  Logs  of  it  have 
bewn  found  at  Puget  Sound  under  the  roots  of  living  trees  four  feet  in 
diameter,  yet  remaining  perfectly  sounil,  showing  that  after  two  or  three 
'aundred  years,  it  betrays  no  signs  of  decay." 

"  Oak. — I'he  oaks  of  this  coast  have  been  generally  found  unfit  for 
ship-building,  or  indeed  for  auy  other  mechanical  purpose  ;  yet  we  are 
informed  tliat  a  sufficient  amount  of  good  oak  can  be  procured  about 
Puget  Sound  for  stems,  stern-posts  and  other  portions  of  ship's  frame, 
especially  if  tlie  timber  be  "  ducked "  a  long  time  before  using  it. 
Judge  0.  L.  Shafter,  late  of  the  Supreme  Court,  who  is  largely  inter- 
ested in  the  I'u'int  Reyes  Raneho,  informs  us  that  a  variety  .  of  oak  is 
found  in  great  abundance  about  Hodega  and  Tomales,  which  is  just  as 
^ood  for  every  mechanical  purpose  as  the  best  Coiuiecticut  pasture  oak 
—that  it  grows  to  a  sufficient  size  for  ship-building,  furnishes  a  great 
number  of  natural  crooks,  and  is  tough  enough  to  make  axe  helves  or 
^agon  material.  As  Bodega  and  Tomales  are  good  harbo.'«,  and  ol 
-easy  access,  there  is  no  reason  why  this  material  could  not  be  dci'vered 
'lit  any  point  on  the  coast  at  a  very  moderate  expense." 

•'L.\LliKL. — Considerable  ijuantities  of  this  limber  are  found  on  the 
northern  coast  range  of  California,  and  throughout  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington 'i'erritory.  Sticks  of  uO  to  tiO  feet  long  may  be  frequently  found 
large  enough  for  keels  and  keelsons.  It  makes  excellent  ms'-terial  for 
«tancheons,  steni.-i  and  stern-posts,  rudder-stocks,  aprons,  tife-raii;'.  and 
cabin  finishing ;  for  which  latter  ;  nrpo.se  it  is  eminently  fitted  from  it!> 
l)eantii'ul  colors  and  susceptibility  o»  taking  a  high  polish.  Its  durabil- 
ity, however,  when  put  into  a  ship's  frai.  »  between  wit'd  and  water,  haK- 
been  questioned,  and  it  has  not  been  used  CAwi-.i.-iively  or  long  enough  to 
settle  this   point  definitely.     Thosr  ".rho  are  best  qualified  to  judge,  l)e- 


4 


WEST  OF  THE  CASCAIE  MOUNTAINS. 


size  can  l)o 

these  |)()r- 

Dots  flat  on 

believed  by 
t  hoick  iron 
ur    all  ship- 

luable  of  all 
t  Coos  IJay, 
the  islands 
)ry  liave  for 
Sitkii,  thirty 
ivrecked.  by 
rs  appeared 
his  cedar  is 
iniber  in  all 
of  17.5  feet, 
naterial  for 


the  Eastern 
n  Territory. 
!  suitable  for 
rs  of  it  have 
four  feet  in 
;\vo  ur  three 

and  unfit  for 
yet  we  are 
cured  about 
ihip's  frame, 
ire  usinj^  it. 
argely  inter- 
ty  ,  of  oak  is 
ch  is  just  as 
pasture  oak 
dies  a  great 
ne  helves  or 
bo."",  and  of 
be  dei'vered 

bund  on  the 
1  and  Wash- 
iently  found 

tnaterial  for 
Kfe-raiii'.  and 
ted  from  its 

Its  durat)il- 
d  water,  Iku, 
ig  enough  to 
D  judge,  be- 


lieve that  when  cut  at  the  proper  time  of  year,  and  well  seasoned  before 

using,  there  will  be  no  trouble  about  its  dural)ilitv." 

*  •  •  •  ■     *  * 

"FoHKlGX  VV'dous. — U  it  should,  however,  be  found  that  none  of 
our  |)resent  coast  woo<l!s  are  suitable  for  those  portions  of  a  ship's  frame 
usually  constructed  of  hard  wood,  there  is  no  douljt  we  can  import  the 
teak  from  India,  or  the  k«j;ih  wood,  from  the  Sandwich  Islands,  or  the 
mahogany,  from  Central  America  and  Mexico,  or  oak  l'r«jm  Australia,  as 
cheaply  as  foreign  woods  are  now  imported  info  Great  Britain  for  ship- 
building purposes:  vrovideil  the  transportation  be  effected  in  suitable 
vessels  and  on  a  large  *cal»f.  Wr  shculd  be  no  worse  off  in  this  respect 
than  the  shiij-buiiders  of  New  York,  Boston  or  Maine,  neaily  all  of 
whose  timber  is  now  procuretl  from  a  "reat  distance." 

"iKON-^Has  lately  begun  to  bej.roduced  near  St.  Helens,  Oregon, 
from  a  mine  said  to  be  ine\haustible,  and  yielding  an  ore  so  rich,  that 
we  are  informed  that  shoe  shapes  may  be  lunnmered  out,  or  castings 
made  at  the  furnace  from  the  first  melting.  This  mine  is  surrounded 
by  exliaustless  material  for  charcoal.  It  is  owned  by  men  of  large 
«a])ital  and  enterprise,  who  will  doubtless  soon  be  able  to  produce  iron 
of  every  description  Ir'Iow  the  present  cost  of  importation."' 


I  lU'EXTiXE  AM)  Rosin.— During  the  first  vears  of  the 


"Pitch,  Tak, 
late  war,  the  high  prices  of  these  articles  stimulated  several  ])arties  to 
ittempt  their  production,  both  in  this  State  and  in  Washington  Terri- 
tory. The  result  wa*  a  finer  article  of  pitch  and  rosin  than  any  ever 
imported  from  the  Carolinas  or  Stockholm,  and  the  discovery  that  if 
there  was  a  larger  deuiiind,  both  of  these  articles,  ■.".\d  also  a  fine  quality 
of  turpentine  can  be  produce<l  in  any  (juantily,  and  at  prices  below  the 
I'ost  vi  imi)ortatioii,  almost  at  the  ship-yards  themselves.  Single  trees 
are  frequi-iilly  met  with  on  Puget  Sound,  wlience  from  two  to  ten  bar- 
rels of  vaw  pitch  can  lie  drawn  at  >:iw  tapping.  The  Sugar  Pine  of  Cal- 
ifornia also  yields  a  superior  article  of  pitch  and  rosin." 

"CoAi, — Of  a  quality  resembling  anthracite  is  found  at  a  mine  a 
few  miles  from  Seattle,  on  Puget  Sound.  The  principal  article  of  export 
from  Coos  Bay  and  Hellingham  Hay,  is  coal  of  a  quality  sufficiently 
good  for  all  purposes  cjnnecled  wi»'.  ship-liuilding ;  and  it  can  be  fur- 
nished at  the  yards  adjacent  '.much  less  than  New  York  or  Boston 
prices." 

"  C()Ul)A(iK  ANU  GaKI'M — Can  be  supplied  in  any  quantity,  and  at 
prices  below  the  cost  of  importations  by  the  San  Francisco  Cordage 
Factory — an  establishuient  that  has  fov  twelve  years  past  supplied  a 
large  periiou  of  the  Manilla  lope  used  on  this  coast.  We  are  not  aware 
that  this  establishment  has  yet  undertaken  the  manufacture  of  tarred 
rigging,  hut  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  as  soon  as  our  farmers  have 
made  up  their  minds  to  raise  hemp — for  wiiich  many  parts  of  our  Stale 
are  specially  adapted — this,  or  some  similar  ropewalk  will  be  able  to 
supply  all  the  tarred  rigging  required  on  this  coast  for  both  new  and  old 
vessels." 

•'  Si'AKs. — Since  Pugtt  .Sound  has  for  years  supplied  several  Brit- 
ish and  French  jrorts.  China  ai.i  .\u*tralia,  with  the  finest  spars  in  the 
world,  it  is  needkss  'or  us  to  allude  to  this  important  item,  except  to 
remark,  that  in  nearly  all  the   prominrnt  ship-yards  of  the  old  world  a 


:J8 


WASHINGTON  TERlUTORY 


i 


heavy  freight  hus  to  hv  paid  on  spars,  because  they  require  vessels  of  a 
large  size  to  be  injured  for  other  ])urpose8  by  tlie  cutting  of  bow-ports ; 
while  the  bulky  nature  of  the  cargo  requires  a  long  time  for  loading  and 
discharrjing.  All  this  is  Mholly  saved  at  Puget  Sound  and  at  all  other 
of  our  lumber  ports,  vehert^  the  finest  of  8])ar«  can  be  procured  in  im- 
mense quantities  for  the  mere  cost  of  cutting  and  towing  them  to  the 
yards." 


MANUFACTURING. 


Manufacturing  interests  are  almost  entirely  undeveloped,  excepi 
that  of  lumber  of  all  kinds,  which  it  is  thought  has  obtained  a  charactii 
second  to  none  *  the  continc  it.  One  hundred  and  eighty  million  fe<i 
of  lumber  of  all  kinds  were  manufactured  and  ship])ed  from  thirteen  ol 
the  pri.c'pal  mills  on  the  Sound,  during  the  years  lH()9-70,  not  to  spea'.; 
of  the  home  consumption,  the  supply  of  which  is  usuallv  obtained  froni 
neighborhood  mills  erected  upon  water  powers,  found  in  almost  ever\ 
settlement.  The  full  capacity  is  much  larger  tliaii  llie  amount  actuallv 
made.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  lumber  is  "  down  "  in  the 
markets,  and  hence  all  are  running  upon  easy  time  until  business  be- 
comes better. 

liut  few  hides  are  now  exported,  yet  the  principal  jjortion  of  the 
leather  manufactured  by  our  tanneries  is  sent  to  San  Francisco,  and 
boots  and  shoes  purchased  in  the  same  market  to  supply  the  demand. 
There  is  one  tannery  at  Tumwater.  one  at  Steilacoom  and  one  at  Seat- 
tle, all  doing  a  thriving  business. 

There  are  two  flouring  mills  atTumWater,  two  near  Steilacoom  one 
at  Seattle  and  one  at  Port  Gamble,  that  are  in  close  proximity  to  thn 
Sotnid.  These  mills  import  large  quantities  of  wheat  from  Oregon  and 
California,  in  addition  to  that  obtained  from  the  farmers,  and  supply  not 
only  the  local  demand  for  the  lumbennen  aiid  towns  on  the  Sound,  bul 
.ship  to  British  Columbia  and  theXcrthern  markets.  The  aggregate  ca 
pacity  of  these  mills  are  three  hundred  bushels  every  twenty-four  hours 

One  woolen  factory  has  recently  been  erected  near  Steilacoom,  at  ;i 
cost  of  twenty  thousand  dollarv,  but  not  yet  running.  It  is^  hoped  thic 
will  be  the  precursor  of  others  to  follow,  that  will  eft'ectually  check  tlu 
export  of  wool,  and  n  corresponding  import  of  woolen  fabrics. 

Three  foundries  and  machine  shops,  o"e  at  Olympia,  one  at  Seat 
tie  and  one  at  Port  Madison,  supply  only  in  i)art  the  wants  of  the  coin 
tnunity  in  their  line,  as  they  cast  only  to  order. 

Other  minor  branches  of  manufacturing  and  mechanical  industry, 
such  as  wagon,  blacksmith  and  cooper  shoj)s,  sash  and  door  factories, 
cabinet  shops,  boot  and  shoe  shops,  that  supply  the  local  demand,  an 
followed  in  the  different  towns  and  localities  suited  to  their  wants. 

There  is  a  boot  and  shoe  manufactory  'it  Olympic,  i  '.Ablished  on 
a  paying  basis.  A  new  furniture  manufactory  hi- ;  rcoentij  i  i»n  estab- 
lished at  Tumwater  that  will  be  able  to  supply  ihe  trade  ',t  Eastern 
rates. 


ressels  of  a 
bow-ports  : 
oading  and 
at  all  other 
ured  in  im- 
heni  to  the 


iped,  excc'pi 
a  charactii 
millio!)  fet  i 
1  thirteen  ol 
not  to  spea'.; 
itained  from 
ilniost  evei\ 
unt  actual!  V 
)wu  "  in  the 
business  be- 

rtion  of  the 
ancisco,  and 
he  demand, 
one  at  Seat' 

jilacoom  one 
;imity  to  the 
Oregon  and 
d  supply  not 
3  Sound,  bul 
ggregate  ca- 
y-four hours 
ilacoum,  at  ;i 
is  hoped  thic 
lly  check  tin 
ics. 

one  at  Seat- 
of  the  com 

cul  industry. 
)or  factories, 
domand,  an 
•  wants. 
VAhlished  on 
i  t«»n  estab 
■    \t    Eastern 


WEST  OF  THE  CASCADE  MOUNTAINS. 


3ft 


IT 


o 


s 
i 

1- 

s 

Uepublicaii. 

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Kopubliean. 
Democratie. 

V  CC  3i  -*•  O  36  i^  ?.  ?•  X  »ft  f  O  -;^  *^  iC  7-  —  ^  X  -^ 

.V 

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^  Iff  X  'C  X  ?» 0  r-  rt^  *-  ft  ri  3b  tc  rf  -r  r*      x  -f  - 

Democratic. 

P-?,55oS2g  =  =  S?S2SS5|'r'|!iS 

i^ 

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1        tract,  w:o, 

square  niiU'H. 

i£          fi    5          p    1    .S    ^1 

Surveyed 
1         square  miles. 

mfMBmMrfMHi%-m 

'      , 

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square  iiilcs. 

c2Jt-rrjM-£u.-H5«'Xi5or-.i»  ""ttc  «  ^  «  x 

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40 


VVASHINGTOX  TERRlTOKV 


FEDERAL  AND  TERRTTORIAL   OFFICIJRS. 


Ol'KICK. 


RESIDKXC'K. 


OOMPKX. 


Edward  S.  .  m, .  . 

Elias  Wolf, 

James  Scott, 

E.  P.  Ferry, 

Col.  Siiinuel  Ross,.  .  .  . 
Maj,  i'hos.  II.  Hay,.. 
Capt.  Geo.  1 ).  HilK .  .  . 
Lieut.  Jas.  H.  Kelly, .  . 
Lieut.  Jos.  M.  Smith,. 

Orange   Jaeol)s, 

Jas.  K.  Kennedy,.  .  .  . 
Roger  S.  Greene,  .  .  .  . 
L'>ander  Holmes, 

F.  S.  Kearney, 

tf fizard    Stevens, 

Jas.  R.  Havden, 

M.  S.  Drew,   

Y .  >L  LaiHDer, 

Jacob  P.  Clark,....  .  . 

Samuel  W.  Brown,.  .  . 
Vi.  G.  Adams, 


Governor Olympia. 

Private  Secretary         " 

Secretary " 

Surveyor  Gen. .  .  ♦' 

iSup't  Ind.  Att'. 
Indian   Agent . 


$3,000 

2.000 

2,,300 

,      These 

j  draw  ])a\ 

J-  as  officer."- 

I   U.  S.  A. 


Queuault  .  . 
Tulalip... 

"  "  Skokomish 

"  "  Simcoe J  det.  dut\. 

Chief  Jus.  ;5d  ]>.  Seattle .'5t2,oOO  " 

Asso.  "  Lst  ]).  Walla  Walla  2,500 
Asso.  "  2d  D.  Olympia. ,  .  .  2,J00 
U.  S.  Attorney.  .  Vancouver.  .  250  &  fees. 

Marshal ".  .  ..Walla  Walla|250  "      '^ 

Collector Olympia  . . . . ;       3,000 

Assessor "      ....  !$1()  per  dav 

Col.  of  Customs ,  P.  Townsendi2.000  &  fee's 

Rec.  Land  Office  Olympia ;    500  "    " 

Reg.     "  "  "  "      I    500  "    '• 

Rec.      "  "      Vancouver  .  .     500  "   " 

Reg.     "  "  "         .  .|   500  "   " 


PAID    BY   THE   TKltUITOUV. 


S.  H.  Mann, jLihrarian 

J.  G.  Sparks, 'Ter.  Auditor.  .  .  . 

Hill  Harmon, Ter.  Treasurer.  . 

Andrew  J.  Cane 'Pros.  Atty  1st  I). 

A.  G.  Cook '     "        "      2dl). 

Chas.  M.  Bradshaw, "        "      .'Ul  D. 


Olympia. 


Waha  Walla 
Vancouver  .. 
P.  Townsend 


500 
4  per  cent. 
81.000 
1,000 
1,000 


\ 


MEMBERS  or  THF    LFGISLATURE. 

HOirsK. 

Thurston  county — D.  J(.  l^igelow  and  R.  Brewer.  Thur.ston  and 
Chehalis — Edward  Cami)l)ell.  Jefferson — J.  J.  H.  Van  Hokkeleii. 
Jefferson    and    Kitsap — Ivlward    Vrooman.      Kitsa;? — George   Stetson. 

Pierce R.   S.  Moore.     Pierce   and   Mason — Stephen  Judson.     Walla 

Walla— Jas.  H.  Lasater,  David  Ashpaugh,  l<:iisha  I'ing,  T.  W.  Whet- 
ston,  John  Scott  and  N.  G.  Lloyd.  Clarke— Jas.  H.  Herns.  (J.  W.  Max- 
well, S.  1).  Maxon  and  W.  C.  Abbott.  Stevens — Park  Winans.  Lewis 
W.  B.  Gosnell.  I'acific— Charles  Barstow.  Snohonii.sb— W.  B.  Sin- 
clair. Whatcom — C.  C.  Finkbonner.  Klickitat — H.  D.  Cock.  Ska- 
mania—J.    W.  Hra/ee,     Claim— Hezekiah  Davis.     King— George  Mc- 


\l(  'IJRS. 


COMl'KX. 


2.()()(» 
2,,1()() 
Tliesf 
j  draw  )iii\ 
\  as  officers 
I   U.  S.  A. 
j  det.  dut\. 

2,o()() 
'J,j(»() 
2o()  &  fees. 
>o()  '•      •• 

;j,0(K» 
?«1()  per  da\ 
2.000  &  fees 
jOO  "    " 
.500  "    '• 
JOO  "    '• 
500  "    " 


$400 
500 

per  cent. 

.SI. 000 
1,000 
1,000 


Rt:. 


liurstnii  aiul 
Bokkeleii. 
•ge  Stetson, 
ion.  Wallii 
•.  W.  Whet- 
(J  W.  Max- 
ans.  Lewis 
-W.  B.  Sin- 
.'ock.  Ska- 
George  Mc- 


WKST  OF   THE  ('AS('AJ)E  MOINTAIXS. 


4! 


Oonaha,  T.  1).  Hinckley.     Island — Tlionius  {'ou])e.     Cowlitz  and  Waii- 
kiakum — fi»>o.  Gray. 

COUNCII,. 

Th'iiSton  and  Lewis — K.  L.  Suiitli.  .leHerson  and  Claim— G.  V. 
Calhoun.  Clarke,  Cowlitz,  &e. — William  Huntington.  Clarke,  Klicki- 
tat, cVrc. — K.  S.  Jo.slyn.  Snohomish,  ike. — H.  .\.  Smith.  Walla  Walla. 
Sec. — 1).  Stewart,  H.  J).  O'Bryant.  I'ierce,  Mason  and  Cheiialis— .Folii\ 
McReavy.     King  and  Kitsap — Joseph  Foster. 

8  TA  Ti:  ( '0 xs Ti rrrioN. 

The  question  of  calling  a  convention  to  form  a  State  constitution 
was  Ruhraitted  to  the  voters  of  the  Territory  at  the  election  held  in  .Tune. 
1870.  A  very  light  vote  was  cast,  with  the  following  result:  For  con- 
ven'.ion,  974.  Against  convention,  1,100.  Majority  against  conven- 
tion \m. 

HRjcf^s  riJRiii<:sr. 

The  subjoined  table  of  prices  current  is  intended  to  exhibit  the  av- 
erage cost  to  purchasers  in  the  towns  and  inarket  places  on  the  Sound, 
for  the  year  1  ■':J09-70.  In  the  Southern  part  of  the  Territory,  near  the 
Columbia  River,  many  articles  of  country  p.'oduce  are  lower,  other  arti- 
cles about  the  same  : 

GllOCKKIIvS  .V.VI)  PKOVIHIO.NS. 

Beans — Cal.  red  'tm  He;  home  product  Oc. 

Butter — ;{7.ic. 

Bread — Navy  4Ac;  pilot  jc;  l)utter  crackers  He;  soda  crackers  8c; 
sugar  orackers  lOu;  pic-nic  crackers  He:  soft  bred,  fresh  ,'>c. 

Cheese. — 22c. 

Coffee— 'irUa'M);  Java,  40c. 

Coil  OU—(H)idH)v  \f'  gal. 

Cod  /'V.s//— 9c. 

Candles — 2.'c. 

Cream  Tartar — (>2.ic. 

V.^ifs — ;j;Jc  ]^'  doz. 

/•W(— Salmon  .*10  y,'  bbl;  fresh  'Ito  oc  ^'  lb. 

/'V«?/.*— Kanier  #.)  ,>0  \^''  bbl:  extra  family  »>  00;  XXX  Lincoln 
Mills  6  .50. 

Koiiey — Home  raised  2.">  e  \\'  ll>:   Isastern  in  cans  .'{7c. 

Lari—\H(n%)o. 

Molo'<.ses — oOc  ^'  gal 

Onions— $1  .50  ^'  bu. 

Peas— lie  ^  lb. 

Potatoes— U  W  ^^ 

Bire—9c  #'  lb;  50  lb  sacks  ,<!l  00. 

Sifrup—90c(n  $\   00  \f>'  gal 

SiKfur — Sandwich  Island  ^'  tl»  10  to  14c;  Cal.  refined  14'0'l(k. 

Saleratus—V2hrd)m  c4f  Hj. 

Soap—$l  50  to  2  00  ^'  box. 

JSpir0o—'*it!n'[iHc  #"  hot. 


a 


WASHINGTON  TERUITORY 


2  '25. 


Salt — Unground,  $1  ."iO    ^  hundred  ;    half  groun<l,    2  «M) ;   fine 
7'e«— 75c  to  |1  2o  ^^  lb. 

BOOTS  AXn  SHOES. 


Eastern  and  ( 'aUfoniia — Children  co|)per  toe  kip,  81  (K)  \^'  pair; 
do.  morocco,  1  50  to  2  75;  do.  calf  skin  or  kid  1  50  to  2  00;  calf  skin, 
misses',  (pegged)  150  to  175;  do.  sewed  2  00  to  3  (K);  morocco,  cloth 
and  misses'  .'J  00;  ladies*  peg  kip  shoes  1  50  to  175;  sewed  kip  or  call' 
2  00  to  .'}  00;  kid,  cloth  or  morocco  2  50  to  4  00;  ladies'  and  mens' 
slippers  1  00  to  2  00;  boys'  boots  1  75  to  5  00;  mens'  boots  4  00  to  0  00; 
mens'  brogan  1  50  to  2  50:  rubber  boots  5  (M>  to  7  00. 

Home  Manufactured — Mens'  stoga  boots  $03  00  ^  doz;  do.  kip 
84  00;  do.  heavy  brogans  36  00. 

DRY-GO()D8   AND   CLOTHING. 

Alapaca — oOidl  50  4^'  yard. 

Blankets — Oregon  manufactured  \i>'  pair,  No.  1  $10  00;  do.  No.  2 
S  50;  do.  No.  ;{  0  50;   14  lb,  $15. 

Domestic — Brown  standard,  No.  I,  iNc;  do.  No.  2,  10c;  light  12  c. 

DeLanes — One-half  wool  25c  #^  yard. 

J)enhHs — 20c  y.^  yard. 

Flannel — Eastern  3-4  white.  No.  1,  30c;  No.  2,  40c;  No.  3,  75c; 
Oregon  manufactured  4-4  75c;  do.  fancy  colored  3-4,  62i;  do.  shirting 
ii2i;  Canton  25  to  37^  ^  yard;  one-half  wool  374'dti2c  ^  yard. 

Hickory  Shbiinq — 20'o  25c  ^  yard. 

Doe  Skin—$l  25  to  1  50  W  vard;  do.  fancy  1  5  >. 

Mens'  /'rtM/s— $2  00  to  12  00  V  pair;  duck  1  (>.»  to  1  25;  denim 
75c  to  1   25. 

J/afs—'Slena'  hats  $1  50  to  5  00  each. 

Overcoats— $i3  00  to  40  00  each. 

Suits — Mens'  beaver  $25  00  to  27  50;  do.  frock  30  !)0  to  35  00; 
cassimero  12  00  to  30  00;  l)lack  cloth  30  00  to  50  (K);  boys'  6  00  to 
20  00. 

S/iirts — Mens'  white  $1  50  to  3  00  ;  woolen  overshirts  1  50  to 
4  00;  undershirts  and  drawers  1   75  to  5  (K>  ^  pair. 

Shawls — 72x72,  plaid,  $4  50;  do.  black  cashmere  5  00;  4-4  single 
#2  50  to  G  00;  4-4  doul)le  4  00  to  12  00. 

iiAeefi/i^— Unbleached  4-4  j^"  vard  15c  to  30c;  bleached  4-4  25c; 
do.  (5-4  37.ic;  do.  10-4  02i 

MKVTS   AM>    VlXiKTABLKS,    WHOI.ESALK. 

/ieef'  ^'altlt — Nett  weight,  ^rass  fed  6'd7c;  do.  stall  fed  (winter) 
10c;  corned  $14  00  to  18  00  #••  bbl. 

.l/«f«rt«— Nett  6c;  live  weight  $2  5(»  to  3  50  (^  head. 
/♦ojA;— Slaughtered  7ia8c;  gross  6c;  $24  00  ^  bbl  200  lbs. 
%/— $14  00  to  18  00  ^'  bbl. 
Potatoes — 50c  y?*  bu. 
<JablHi(je—l'u;  ^  doj. 
fkcts—$l  00  W  bu. 
Carrots— ^i^c  ^'  bu. 
Tomatoes — 3c'  y^'  tb. 


WEST  OF   I'HF.  C'ASCAIiK  MOI-VIAIXS. 


4:{ 


2  IM);    fine 


(K)  ^'  puii; 

);  calf  skin, 
locco,  cloth 

kip  or  calf 

and  mens' 
1  (MJtoi>  0(»; 

oz;    do.  kip 


I);  do.  No.  -J. 
;  light  12  c. 


No.  3,  Toe; 
do.  shirtin;^ 
vard. 


I  25;    denim 

!X)  to  :i.5  00; 
ioys'  6  00  to 

lifts    1  oO  to 

0;  4-4  single 

!ied    4-4  25c; 

fed  (winter) 
K)  rbs. 


Turnips — 50c  ^'  hii. 

RKTATI.. 

Beef — Grass  fed  (summer)  Ha  12ic:  stall  fed  (winter)  lOh  I5c. 
Mi'Moii—1(nl2ic^  n>. 
Pork—mar2ic  #••  tb. 

OTHKlt    ARTICI.KS. 

Hides — Green,  oc. 
Tallow— I'nWc. 
Milch  Coir.f—^mra'iio. 
Ilmj—ln  bales  SlO^rf  18. 
Chickens— W  doz  $:i  00/n4  (Hi. 

S.ADUI.KKY. 

Harness — No  1  Con.  harness,  silver  plated.  hame$,  breeching  .•?50  00: 
do.  trace  bearers  42  50;  2  do.  plain  breeohing  4o  <iO:  do.  trace  bearers 
40  00;  common  clef  harness,  breeching  35  00:  do.  trace  bearers  30  00: 
short  tug  harness  25  OO^r?  30  00;  double  carriage  harness  60  (K)  and  up- 
ward; do.  8ingl(?  30  00  and  upwards. 

Sarfrfte-f— Ranchero,  full  seat  .*25  00  to  30  Wi:  do.  half  seat  18  00 
to  30  00;  common  15  00  to  2(t  00. 

SIATIONKKY 

Paper — Congress  letter  $5  00  to  7  00  ^  reain;^legal  cap  fi  00  to 
8  00;  Con.  cap  6  00  to  7  50;  flat  cap,  16tt..  5  50;  printing,  24x34, 
()  00;  drawing  paper  12  to  50c  ^•'  sheet. 

Tracing  Cloth— M  in.,  $1  00  ^-'  vard. 

Carets— Printers'  $1  S7  to  4  <Mt  ^  M. 

Blank  Books— One-haU  bound  42c  ^'  qr.:  full  bound  80c  #•*  qr.; 
bound  Russia  1  50  ^•'  qr. 

Wrapping  Paper — Manilla  $2  25  if  rtam:  straw  1  10;  hemp  3  00. 

Envelope's— ')  gov.,  $4  00  to  6  00  ^  M.:  9  a  10  9  OO  to  10  50. 

PAINTS   AND   I'AIXTING. 

Wa(/es — 15«4  OiVao  00  ^  dav;  bv  contract.  ^  square,  two  coats. 
3  iMU(f4  00. 

Oil—$l  75  #>•  gal. 

Turpentine— $1  25/o  1  50  ^*  gal. 

White  Lead^$'3  00,  3  50^0  4  (Kt  y^  kg  35  fb. 

Varnish— $3  50  to  10  00  #^  gal. 

Oround  Paints — In  oil,  50c  #''  M>. 

Bnishes — 5()c  to  $3  50  each. 

Gold  Leaf—luc  W  book. 

Glass— 1^2  50«)3  00  #•"  box. 

Paper  Hanging — 25^50c  \^'  roll. 

FRUIT.s. 
^;>pfes— Green,  1^  2c  #''  tti;  dried  S^ir  10c. 
Pears — Green,  2(n  3c  ^  tb. 
Cranhernes — 25ih  37^  i^'  gal. 
mrawben-ies—\2(n2()c  ^'  lb. 


^  I 


Chamber  Seis- 
plo  $100  00. 


FrKXITVRK. 
-Soft  wood  $45  00  to  65  00:  hard 


rood,  curly  ma- 


44 


WASHING  roN  IKUUrn^RY 


I 


1 


Hinefnui—\L^  i^f  (M)  to  40  (X);  cedar  1,>  (K). 

TabUji — Mapfe  s^Uierwinn  *2  -'jO  ^J'  foot;  hreiikt'ast,  iiiaplt;  and  al- 
der f"  (K>  to  !<♦  <W. 

Be-tJUtf/idn — Hardirfttwl  rotta^c.  maple  and  alder  $(5  00  to»  8  00. 

'  %iirK — VTjstmir  ifl  25  to  1  -lO  each:  extra  Grecian,  East ctu  make, 
*:i  2.J  to  2  o(h  ladit^'  »Kmnjf  rosewood  .*3  00  to  !{  50  each. 

MaitrejtKCjt — l^juiffl-ar-  'tnnble  .f20  00:  three-fourtha  15  00. 

Louiiyjt — if'^*  *i**  to  ;{.>  00  each,  accordinj;;  to  finish. 

Carpti — 2  pk  *i   .i^  ^  yard:  :j  ply  1   75;  Hnissels  1    75. 

M(ifihty—1i5\ti  3Ti  If  yard;  dni<rget  |1   50. 


SEATTI.K. 


britude  47°  ;U)',  lunf,Mtudc  45°  21'.  West  from 
iv,  the  Seattle  harbor,  is   ;i  part  of  the  waters 


S:^'attle  !•■  ifi  V. 
Washington.     F2L- 

known  as  Admirajtt  Inlet,  and  ix  on  the  East  side  of  the  channel,  forty- 
five  miles  from  %h*-  JWrAit*  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  and  one  hundred  and  thir- 
ty-sis from  the  Fadfit  Ocean  by  the  ship  channel.  Eighty  miles  in  the 
Straits,  bearing  mt-vtij  »hie  East,  will  average  twelve  miles  in  width,  the 
remainder  of  the  4i(ixate  hearing  nearly  South-East  through  a  channel 
averaging  thrt*  juod  a  half  miles  wide,  and  comparatively  straight ; 
iience  vessel*  aj*  ♦.^Udom  detained  in  the  passage  to  and  from  this 
harbor. 

The  following  h  sidle  description  of  Seattle  and  Duwamish  (I'lUiot) 
Buy.  as  taken  ir<.rm  itlu*  I'.  S.  coast  survey : 

"  AbreaKi  of  V«m,  Madison  the  eastern  shore  of  the  inlet  retreats 
and  there  receii  tf  ♦ft-5*r:*l  small  streams  of  water,  but  it  gradually  makes 
out  into  a  veri  \<ju<:.  l^w  sand  point,  called  West  Point,  which  forms 
the  extreme  nortiiw*^?  pnrr  of  the  entrance  to  Duwamish  liay.  The  bay 
runs  east  by  h<jmh  six  And  a  half  miles  and  has  a  width  of  two  miles. 
To  the  south  pyLcrt-  «alfed  Battery  I'oint.  which  is  low  and  bare,  with  a 
curiously  sha]>ed  tOfmoA  rising  sharply  liehind  it,  the  course  is  about 
southeast  by  viutt.  amrf  distance  four  and  a  half  miles.  Under  W^est 
Point  there  i^  "^  '-.^s^  in  ten  to  fifteen  fathoms  after  getting  towards 
the  bluff:  bu:  -   north  side  of  the  point  the  water  is  very  deep. 

Through  the  vrtiV:-:  /  she  bay  the  depth  ranges  frn.n  eighty-eight  to 
forty  fathom*-  Ol  \r.K  north  side  of  Battery  Point  a  vessel  anchoring 
in  twenty  fatbotCK  ramnot  have  a  greater  scope  of  chain  than  thirty-five 
fathoms,  without  iiiiinz  too  close  to  the  shore.  When  we  anchored  there 
in  thirteen  fath'.»tB*  *n4  »ef?red  to  twenty-five  fathoms  of  chain  the  ves- 
sel's stern  *r'  -  tr  ^nd  a  half  fathoms.  The  beach  is  smooth  and 
very  regular.  •  -;:  rapos^d  of  sand  and  gravel.  On  this  side  of 
Battery  Point  if  tita*  di»s*rt*d  town  of  Alki,  the  Indian  phrase  for  "  bv 
and  by.")  'i'he  Vjwn  has  had  several  names,  but  there  is  nothing  about 
it  to  command  \rvi^ 

"The  bluff  h*:W.  within  the  hay,  two  miles  north  nor*V-,ist  of  Bat- 
tery Point,  it.  l>u»wawh  Head.  It  is  steep,  about  one  hi  .  s/ed  and  fif 
ty  feet  high.  f»f«>»*i  nith,  timber,  and  the  beach  at  low  water  stretche>- 


WKSr  OF  THK  CASCADK  MOUNTAINS. 


4', 


iplf  and  al- 
to 8  00. 
HtCTii  make, 

0. 


VVt'st  from 
f  the  waters 
aniiel,  tbrty- 
ed  and  thir- 
niiles  in  the 
II  width,  the 
ih  a  channel 
ly  straight ; 
\i\    J'roin  tliis 

mish  (Elliot) 

nlet  retreats 
dually  makes 
which  forms 
ay.  The  bay 
)f  two  miles. 

bare,  with  a 
irse  is  about 
Under  West 
ting  towards 
s  very  deep, 
jhty-eight  to 
el  anchoring,' 
111  thirty-five 
chored  there 
lain  the  ves- 

smooth  and 
this  .side  of 
rase  for  "  bv 
:)tliing  about 

;'a8t  of  Hat- 

h'ed  and  fif 

ter  stretches 


'out  over  a  quarter  of  a  mile  north -northwest  from  it.  The  head  of  the 
bay  receives  the  Duwumish  Iliver,  and  for  one  or  two  miles  is  an  exten- 
sive flat,  bare  at  low  water." 

IJy  the  U.  S.  census  for  1H70,  there  are  1142  inhabitants  in  this  place, 
rhere  are  always  many  transient  persons  from  the  mills  an<l  numerous 
logging  cam])s,  who  throng  the  business  streets  by  day  and  tax  the  ho- 
tels to  their  utmost  capacity  by  night.  The  greater  part  of  the  town  is 
built  upon  a  rather  abrupt  hill-side,  facing  the  liay,  wiiich  gives  a  splen-  . 
did  view  as  one  recedes  from  the  water.  —^ 

The  i^cixtiie  liUelligenccf;  of  July  18th,  1870,  says:  "  Last  year 
there  were  constructed  in  this  city  one  church  (Catholic),  eleven  build- 
ings for  stores,  and  thirty-seven  one  and  two-story  dwelling-houses,  be- 
sides some  twenty  odd  smaller  buildings.  This  year,  up  to  the  present 
time,  there  have  been  built,  and  are  in  process  of  construction,  one 
■church  (Kpiscopal),  one  public  school  building,  three  warehouses,  seven 
business  houses,  one  livery  and  sale  stable,  and  forty-eight  one  and  two- 
story  dwelling  houses,  some  of  them  quite  expensive  structures,  besides 
an  unusual  number  of  smaller  tenements.  Two  or  three  of  our  hotels 
have  been  greatly  enlarged  and  improved  to  accommodate  their  increas- 
ing business." 

Many  neat  residences,  with  fruit  grounds  and  gardens,  are  found 
licre,  adding  beauty  and  comfort  to  the  place.  Here,  as  elsewiiere  on 
the  Sound,  fruit  of  all  kinds  is  proiluced  in  gnat  abundance.  Aliout 
one-half  of  the  lumber  interest  on  the  Sound  is  within  a  radius  of  twen- 
ty-five miles  of  this  place,  which  alone  is  sutficienl  to  build  up  a  large 
and  lucrative  tiuflic. 

In  addition  to  this  trade,  Seattle  has  easy  access  by  river  naviga- 
tion to  Duwamish  and  White  river  bottoms,  one  of  the  finest  agricul- 
tural regions  near  the  Sound  that  has  been  settled.  The  coal  mines 
now  being  developed  give  an  additional  impetus  to  the  travie  and  im- 
jirovements. 

The  Territorial  University  is  handsomely  located  upon  the  rising 
ground  l)ack  of  the  city.  The  bjilding  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, and  large  enough  to  lucommodate  the  wants  of  a  much  larger 
population  than  is  now  in  the  Territory. 

Heautiful,  clear  lakes,  of  pure  water,  abound  in  the  region  adjacent 
to  the  Sound,  oftentimes  high  up  on  the  table  lands.  Uake  Washing- 
ton, eighteen  miles  long,  and  averaging  about  two  miles  in  width,  lies 
inin.ediately  l*'ast  of  Seattle,  and  nearly  i)arallel  to  the  bay.  This  lake 
lies  but  little  above  tide  water,  and  is  connected  with  the  liay  t)v  its  »)Ut- 
let,  Hlack  river,  and  through  the  channel  of  iJuwaniish  river,  altogether 
nearly  enclosing  as  an  island  the  ground  upon  which  the  town  is  built. 
\t  a  light  cost  tiiis  inland  navigation  can  be  rendered  available  for  light 
draft  steamers,  adding  a  beautiful  water  front  to  the  city,  should  the 
wants  of  commerce  ever  demand  so  large  an  area.  The  lake  is  already 
used  for  the  transportation  of  coal  from  the  Lake  Washington  mines, 
in  connection  with  tram  roads  on  either  side. 

OI.YMPIA. 

Olympia  is  the  Capital  of  tiie  Territory,  and  is  situated  at  the  heail 
of  the  Sound  in  North  latitude  17°  ()\V,  longitude  4o°  .'>o',  West  from 
Washington,  anrl  contains  I.oOU  inhabitants. 


r 


40 


WASIlIXCiTON  TKllKITOUY 


\ 


|i 


Hudd's  Inl«t,  upon  which  the  town  is  built,  18  describt'd  by  tht 
United  States  Coast  Survey  as  "  six  miles  long,  three-quarters  of  a'inili- 
wide,  and  runs  nearly  South.  The  shores  are  steep  and  wooded,  and 
the  head  of  the  bay  is  an  immense  mud  Hat,  behind  which  is  the  town. 
It  acquires  prospective  importance  by  being  the  Capital  of  the  Territory, 
l)ut  especially  on  account  of  its  jjroximity  to  the  Columbia  River  Vallev, 
and  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Chehalis.  A  dei)th  of  three  fathoms  can 
be  carried  on  the  West  side  of  Hudd's  Inlet,  within  one  and  a  half 
miles  of  the  wharf,  and  one  fathom  within  a  mile  on  the  Eastern  side. 
Vessels  are  brought  up  to  the  wharf  at  the  highest  tides,  and  then  rest 
in  the  mud  until  ready  to  leave. 

"  The  a])proximate  corrected  establishment  is  5  h.  8  m.,  and  the 
mean  rise  and  fall  of  tides  !»  .2  feet. 

"  The  greatest  difference  betwern  the  highest  and  lowest  tides  is 
reported  about  twentv-four  feet,  and  is  doubtless  more  than  this,  when 
we  comi)are  its  position  with  that  of  Steilacoom."  This  measurement 
is  in  nautical  miles.  The  entrance  to  the  bay  is  nearly  one  statute  miU 
in  width,  soon  widening  out  to  one  and  a  half  miles,  becomes  narrow 
ojiposite  the  wharves,  and  passing  on  to  the  South  one  mile  and  a  half, 
at  an  average  width  of  not  more  than  4tK)  yards,  receives  the  Deschutes 
river  at  Tumwater,  a  town  of  2(M)  inhabitants. 

This  river,  by  a  succession  of  falls  within  the  distance  of  three  hun- 
dred yards,  descends  eighty-five  feet,  and  at  the  very  lowest  stage 
affords  a  volume  of  water  of  '2,o()()  cubic  inches,  at  a  velocity  of 
.J22  feet  per  minute.  During  the  greater  part  of  the  year  it  is  estima- 
ted that  more  than  double  that  volume  of  water  pours  over  these  falls, 
and  at  any  time  during  a  still  evening  the  rush  of  waters  can  lie  heard 
for  miles  through  the  surrounding  country. 

Ocean-going  steamers,  and  vessels  of  several  hundred  tons  burthen 
reach  the  wharves  at  high  tide,  and  remain  until  discharged. 

The  land  adjacent  to  the  bay  is  elevated  above  the  water  about  fifty 
feet  at  the  front,  at  some  points  rising  still  higher  as  you  recede  from 
the  bay,  at  others  running  oft'  level.  At  the  point  where  the  town  is 
built  the  hills  seem  crowded  back  from  the  front,  and  form  a  sort  of 
vallev,  which,  with  the  tide-flat  to  the  North  and  West,  is  estimated  to 
cover  an  area  of  five  square  miles,  that  would  be  level  or  nearly  so;  the 
adjacent  lands  to  tlie  South  and  West  rising  gradually  to  an  elevation 
of  about  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet,  and  continues  so  to  Turn- 
water,  overlooking  the  bay  to  the  West  and  North. 

The  interests  of  Tumwater  and  Olympia  are  so  near  identical,  their 
location  such  as  eventually  to  run  together  and  form  one  city,  that  for 
the  jiurposes  of  this  s-.rticle  it  is  sufficient  to  describe  them  together. 

This  is  the  nearest  point  of  the  Sound  to  the  Columbia  River,  and 
hence  all  the  travel  overland  concentrates  at  this  i)lace.  Two  lines  of 
daily  stages  run  each  way  between  this  place  and  the  Columbia  River, 
besides  extras  as  demanded.  Two  lines  of  semi-weekly  steamers  run 
North  from  Olymiiia.  leaving  Mondays  and  Thursdays,  returning  Wed- 
nesdays and  Saturdays. 

Am])le  as  the  water  power  of  the  Deschutes  river  is  without  im- 
])rovement,  it  can  be  made  much  greater  by  a  small  outlay.  In  addition 
to  this,  Hlack  Lake,  l)ut  three  miles  distant,  at  an  elevation  of  one  hun- 


« 


WEST  OF  THK  CASLADK  MOVNIWIXS. 


47 


ibed  by  tlu 
Ts  of  a  mile 
vooded,  and 
i.s  the  town. 

TeiTit()i\ , 
iver  Valley, 
fathoms  can 

and  a  halt 
'>astcrn  side, 
nd  then  rest 

in.,  and  thi 

vest  tides  is 
n  this,  when 
neasurement 
statute  mill' 
nies  narrow 
L'  and  a  Iialf. 
le  Deschutes 

)f  three  hun- 
Inwest  stage 
velocity  ot 
it  is  estima- 
r  these  falls, 
!an  bo  heard 

tuns  burthen 
i. 

er  about  fifty 
recede  from 
•■  the  town  is 
irni  a  sort  of 
estimated  to 
early  so ;  the 
an  elevation 
1  so   to  Tuni- 

entical,  their 
city,  that  for 
toffether. 
a  Itiver,  and 
I'wo  lines  of 
imbia  River, 
steamers  run 
Lirning  Wed- 
without  im- 
In  addition 
I  of  one  hun- 


dred and  forty  feet,  can  easily  be  turned  into  the  ravine  formed  by 
"  Percival's  creek,"  and  furnish  a  very  huffo  water  power.  From  the 
position  of  Klack  Lake  and  the  Chehalis,  it  seems  [>racticul)le  to  turn 
the  waters  of  the  latter  into  the  lake,  and  thence  to  the  Sound.  This 
done,  an  immense  power  would  follow,  besides  an  inland  water  commu- 
nication with  the  eliiy  rej^ion  of  the  Chehalis  and  surrounding  country. 

Mr.  R.  A.  .\bbott.  builder,  furnishes  the  subjoined  statement  of  the 
buildings  erected  in  the  town  of  Olympia  within  a  jjeriod  of  twelve 
months  Just  passed:  47  dwellings,  11  stores,  1  brick  i)ank.  2  hotels,  1 
!)riek  Jad,  1  church,  '.io  '^mailer  l)uildings,  I  .saw  mill.  2  sash  and  blind 
factories,  1  cabinet  manufactory,  1  wagon  shop  and  1  gun  shop. 

At  Tuniwater  valuable  imprnvenie'  ts  have  recently  been  made.  A 
new  large  saw  mill  has  been  built,  a  furniture  and  water-pipe  manufac- 
lury  established,  besides  other  improvements  of  minor  importance. 

.STKII..*COOM. 

Steilacoom  is  the  county  seat  of  Pierce  county,  and  is  handsomely 
located  on  the  Sound  just  South  of  the  '•  Narrows,"  connecting  Puget 
Sound  with  Admiralty  Inlet,  and  contains  about  three  hundred  inhabit- 
ants. The  county  l)uildings  consist  of  a  wooden  court  house  and  brick 
jiiil.  costing  ton  thousand  dollars.  The  other  public  buildings  in  the 
town  are  three  churches,  two  school  houses  and  a  Masonic  hall.  The 
Sisters  of  Charity  have  established  a  boarding  school  for  girls  here,  and 
usually  have  about  forty  scholars.  The  mail  steamers  of  the  Sound  call 
four  times  a  week  in  making  their  semi-weekly  trips,  besides  the  tow 
boats  and  independent  line  of  steamers.  A  line  of  lumber  vessels  run 
direct  to  San  Francisco,  carrying  freight  and  passengers  at  reasonable 
rates.  The  insane  asylum  buildings,  formerly  the  officer's  quartt-s  at 
Fort  Steilacoom,  are  one  and  a  quarter  miles  East,  and  are  handsomely 
located  upon  an  open,  dry  prairie,  with  neat  surroundings  and  a  beauti- 
ful landscape.  The  insane  are  yet  kept  near  Monticello,  and  will  not 
be  removed  prior  to  July,  IhTl.  The  penitentiary  is  located  upon  a 
small  island  near  the  town,  upon  which  work  is  soon  to  commence.  At 
present  the  ])risoner8  are  kept  in  the  county  jail. 

The  harbor  is  large  and  commodious,  dee])  water  close  up  to  the 
chores,  and  the  anchorage  good.  The  surrounding  country  back  for  a 
region  of  twelve  miles  square  is  upland  prairie  and  timber,  dotted  with 
beautiful  lakes  of  pure  water,  skirted  with  scrub  oak,  resembling  in  the 
distance  the  large  apple  orchards  of  older  settled  communities. 

Over  all  the  country  mentioned  there  is  a  beautiful  carriage  way  in 
almost  every  direction,  both  winter  and  summer,  as  the  soil  is  sandy  and 
gravelly  and  never  muddy.  The  scenery  in  this  vicinity  is  excelled  no- 
where on  the  coast.  Four  snow-capped  peaks,  St.  Helens,  Mt.  Ranier, 
Adams  and  Hood,  one  of  which  is  known  to  be  a  smouldering  volcano, 
lies  in  the  distance  to  the  East  and  the  South.  The  ragged  Coast,  or 
Olympian  Range,  is  seen  to  the  West,  besides  a  beautiful  fore-ground  of 
dark  green,  ne\er  ending  timber  on  the  foot-hills  adjacent  to  the  Puy- 
uUup,  Nisqually  and  White  rivers,  to  the  East  and  North,  and  to  Hood's 
Canal  to  the  VVest. 

Steilacoom  creek  falls  into  the  bay  just  below  the  town,  giving 
power  to  one  flouring  mill  and  woolen  factory  recently  erected,  yet 
leaving  the  principal  part  of  the  power  to  run  to  waste.     The  creek  it- 


i 


4(f 


W'ASiriNOTOX  TKKfUTORV 


I 


I 


I 

1^ 


self  is  hut  thrtT  and  oiie-luilf  miles  long,  risiii);  in  a  la  ;e  Kust  of  the 
town,  falling  in  that  distance  nearly  two  hundred  foci.  The  hanks  an- 
iitera'lj  lined  with  springs,  some  of  which  (done  are  large  enough  for 
mill  pcwers,  one  in  the  vicinity  heing  used  for  that  purpose. 

PORT  TOWNSKNI). 

I'ort  Townsend  is  the  eounfy  seat  of  .letterson  county,  and  contains 
about  five  hundred  inhabitants. 

Point  Wilson,  just  outside  the  harbor,  iu  in  latitude  48'^  08',  longi- 
tude 4(5°  44'.  West  from  Washington,  and  with  Marrowstone  Point  op- 
posite.  on  Whidby's  Island,  forms  the  entrance  to  Admiralty  lidet. 

(iuimper  Peninsula,  upon  which  Port  i'ownsend  is  built,  is  de- 
scribed liy  George  Davidson,  assistant  coast  survey,  as  having  "three 
miles  in  width  and  ten  miles  in  length,  ofi'ering  great  advantages  as  a  lu- 
cation  for  a  town,"  situated,  as  it  is,  with  Port  Discovery  bay  on  the  om 
side  and  Port  Townsend  on  the  other. 

The  harbor  is  described  in  the  United  States  coast  sinvey  as  l)eiiig 
"tin, orablv  situated  at  the  termination  of  the  Strait  of  Juan  dt  Fuca. 
at  the  outlet  of  the  waters  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  Puget  Sound,  cK:c.,  and 
in  proximity  to  the  great  labyrinth  of  iidand  waters  of  British  ('oluni- 
bia.  The  entrance  lies  between  Point  VVilson  and  .Marrowstone  Point, 
the  latter  bearing  east-southeast  three  and  five-eighths  miles  from  the 
former.  Upon  this  line,  and  even  out^rkle  of  it,  lies  a  l)ank  extending 
two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  Marrowstone,  and  having  from  six  to 
fifteen  fathoms,  with  hard,  sandy  bottom.  Inside  of  Poii\t  Wilson, 
which  is  com])osed  of  low,  sandy  hillocks,  as  heretofore  desciii)ed,  lie> 
another  low  point  called  Point  Hudson,  distant  one  and  tluee-qnarterN 
miles,  southeast  by  south  half  south. 

"  Starting  from  the  entrance  line,  about  one  and  a  half  miles  from 
Marrowstone,  the  mid-channel  course  of  the  bay  is  south-southwest,  three 
miles,  with  an  average  width  of  two  ;  thence  southest  one-third  south 
for  three  and  a  quarter  miles,  with  an  average  width  of  one  anil  a  quar- 
ter. The  depth  of  water  throughout  is  very  regular,  and  ranges  from 
eight  to  fifteen  fathoms,  with  soft,  muddy  bottom  inside  of  Point  Hud- 
son. Vessels  coming  from  the  strait  stt^er  for  Point  Hudson,  as  soon  a* 
it  is  opened  by  Point  Wilson,  passing  the  latter  close,  as  twenty  fath- 
oms are  found  one  hundred  or  two  hundred  yards  ofl"  it.  Upon  ap- 
jjroaching  Point  Hudson,  and  when  within  half  a  mile  of  it,  gradually 
keep  away  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  fr  m  five  to  ten  fathoms,  and. 
as  it  opens,  run  quite  close,  with  the  summer  wind  otf  shore,  to  save 
making  a  tack  j  keep  along  half  a  mile  to  the  town  situated  under  tin 
Prairie  Bluff,  and  anchor  anvwhere  oft'  the  town  in  ten  to  twelve  fatli- 
omn.  :»bout  a  quarter  of  a  mde  from  shore.  In  winter,  anchor  further 
out.  to  cle.ii   Point  Hudson,  in  getting  under  way  with  u  southeaster." 

"  .\  military  po,«t  has  been  established  (since  abandoned,)  on  the 
bluflf.  two  and  a  half  mile.-'  south  by  west  from  the  town,  ai.d  on  a  site 
which  commands  one  of  th  mo.-t  beautiful  views  in  these  waters,  hav- 
ing the  bluff  and  varied  shores  of  tire  bay  on  either  hand ;  Admiralt} 
Head,  six  miles  distant :  in  the  middiC  ground  several  distant,  wooded 
ridges,  ai\d  in  the  back  ground  the  snow-covered,  doulile  summit  ot 
Mount  Baker,  ten  thousand  nine  hundred  feet  in  height,  with  the  moutli 
of  the  crater  distinctly  visible  between  the  peaks,  and  at  times  emittiii;; 
vast  volume*  of  smoke.     The  elevation  of  the  lii\e  of  perpetual  snow 


I'MSt   of  IIr- 

le  hunks  ill'*- 
enougli  t'di 

mid  i-oiitaiiiN 

■t"  ON',  loiiKi- 
iif  I'oiiit  oji- 
ty  liilot. 
built,    is  (U- 
i»f?  "  tlirt'f 

tilf^l'S  iis  !l  lo- 

ly  on  the  om 

■vey  as  beiiip; 
lan  lit  Kuca, 
nul,  \:c.,  and 
itish  Coluni- 
vstone  I'oinl. 
iles  Irom  tlii- 
k  cxti'ndiii^^ 
i;  from  six  t« 
oint  Wilson. 
t'scril)ed,  lii-s 
fln'et'-qnal■tl•l•^ 

df  miles  from 
utliwi'st,  thrif 
iL'-third  south 
L'  and  a  quar- 
1  ranjjes  from 
f  Point  Ilnd- 
on,  as  soon  a< 
;  twenty  fath- 
t.     Upon   ap- 

it,  f^radnally 
fathoms,  and. 
shore,  to  save 
ted  nnder  tlu' 
)  twelve  fatli- 
nchor  further 
southeaster  " 
oned,)  on  the 
ui.d  on  a  site 

waters,  huv- 
d ;  Admiralty 
utant,  wooded 
)le  summit  of 
itii  the  moutii 
imes  emitlin;,' 
irpetual  snow 


WKSl   OF  THK  CASCADK  MOlNrAlS'S. 


4(» 


ii))on  this  mountain  is  three  thousand  one  lumdred  and  forty-five  feet." 
The  present  husiness  part  of  the  town  is  Imilt  upon  a  low,  sandj 
beach,  of  hut  a  few  acres  in  extent,  innncdiately  adjoininj;'  which  is  an 
abrupt  white  hluH',  elevated  ajjproxinuilely  one  hundred  feet  above  tide 
water.  Unlike  the  <;;eneral  character  of  the  land  horderinfj;  on  the 
Sound,  this  eltivated  ])rairie  is  slightly  uiidnhitinfj,  hut  comparatively 
smooth,  with  a  quick,  fertile  garden  sod  u|)()n  the  surface. 

Upon  this  elevation  is  found  the  neat  ri'sidenii's  of  the  citizens,  the 
marine  hospital,  churches,  school-houses,  I'Ce.  The  Cnsloni  Mouse  ibi 
the  Puget  Sound  district  is  located  upon  the  beach  below,  hence  all  for- 
eign shipping  are  compelled  lo  enter  and  clear  at  this  place. 

VANCX)Uvi;u. 

Vancouver  is  handsomely    located  upon   the  riglit  bank  of  the  ('o- 
ibi;.    ri'.er.  110  miles  from  the  mouth,  in  latitude   Lj"  .'JH',  longitude 
\'i°  HV.  West  from  Washington,  and  contains  J».iU  inhabitants. 

Ships  of  any  size  that  can  cross  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  river 
can  ascend  with  safety  to  this  place.  The  lidt,'  aft'eets  the  rixcr  this  fur 
up,  often  setting  in  with  consideiable  curnnt  i)el(i\v.  Tlie  Hudson's 
Hay  Compauy  early  si  Ipciel  this  location  as  a  sjfe  for  a  chief  trading 
post,  and  interfered  for  a  time  with  a  part  of  the  land  needed  foi'  city 
purpo.ses;  afterwards  the  Government  reserve  for  "  Uort  Vancouver'' 
i^mltraced  a  part  of  the  same.  From  its  position  it  is  highly  probable 
that  the  .\orth  Pacific  Jlailroad  from  tin'  Sound  lo  the  Columbia  river 
will  pass  through  this  place,  and  lieing  considered  the  head  ol  shij)  nav- 
igation on  the  (.'(dumbia  river,  will  no  doubt  nuds.e  a  city  of  great  im- 
j)ortance. 

illl.l.INi;    TOWNS. 

At  eacii  of  the  cjreat  mills,  and  at  the  coal  mines,  tlnre  an'  villages 
coiUaining  from  ITjO  to  JJOO  inhabitants.  The  im])rovements  generally 
vests  in  the  mill  pro]irietors.  ;ind  usually  consists  of  a  few  handsome 
residenci's  and  comfortable  houses  for  those  engaged  in  and  about  the 
mills,  a  h(><e.l,  store,  smith  shops.  &c.,  |)ertainii;g  to  the  business,  and 
formi'.ig  each  -,'  community  within  itseli'.  There  is  regular  communica- 
tion by  send-weekly  mail  steamers,  and  also  by  indepeiulent  lines.  At 
all  these  points  the  hum  of  machinery  i-  constant,  the  rattle  of 
lumber  continuous  througLout  the  day  as  it  is  taken  from  the  mill  di- 
rectly into  the  vessel,  presenting  a  busy  scene,  in  contrast  to  the  deep 
solitude  reigning  in  the  great  forests  before  the  advent  of  civilization 
I'lere. 


p. 


^ 


® 


I'- 
i 


50 


iVASillSfGTON  TERRITORY 


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WEST  OF  THE  CASCADE  MOLXTAINS. 


.11 


II  rrf/DRAii  AL  or  land. 

On  tlif  l!>th  of  October,  1S7(»,  the  odd  soctions  for  twenty  miles 
on  each  side  of  the  survvyed  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Raih'oad  was 
withdrawn  from  marls "t.  by  orders  from  the  Departnent  at  Washing- 
ion,  in  accorchmcc  witii  the  provl.<ions  ot*' the  charter  recjuiring  such 
action  of  the  Governnrent  uptn  the  h)ration  of  the  route  by  the  com- 
])any.  This  withdraval  extends  from  the  Columbia  river  to  the  head 
of  the  Sound,  ard  ih»-nce.  parallel  to  and  about  eight  miles  distant  from 
the  eastern  shore  line  of  the  Sound,  to  a  jjoint  near  Seattle  Two  sur- 
veying parties  of  twer.ty  men  each  are  carefully  retracing  the  prelimin- 
ary surveys  and  definitely  locating  the  route,  and  a  third  party  have 
just  passed  the  summit  of  the  Cascades,  through  the  Snoqualniie  ])ass, 
1120  miles  north  of  the  Columbia  river. 


EASTKUy  OREGOX  AND   IVASHINaTOX. 


X 

-I 


Phillit)  Hitz,  an  intelligent  settler  in  the  Walla  Walla  Valley,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  supplies  the  following  facts  in  regard  to  the  agricul- 
tural ri;sourc"s  cf  the  great  Columbia  Plains: 

"  The  1,'rfat  ('ohiintna  I'lains.  lyinjj  Kast  of  tin-  ruMMdc  .MoiintiiiiiK  and  Went 
iif  till-  liliic  aiKi  IJit'iiT  K<Hij  ra!i»f«.  and  parallol  xvitli  tliPiii.  ami  parallol  with  ami 
iiliout  :'.iKi  inilcfi  K.ist  <(f  lJ«  I'ju-ifii'  Toast,  ronsntiitc  oiu'  iniiiu'msc  ^ra/.iny  gniini'l, 
Ktrctchin^'  from  nKiantxiu  to  monutain.  atioiit  I")!!  iniU's  in  width,  and  from  tlir 
Klainatli  l.aki'  on  the  Soulli'-m  l>oiir,<(ary  of  Ori'jjon  in  tlii'  South,  far  into  liritisli 
t'olinnliia  in  the  North.  n;or»-  than  4(K»  mill's  in  l.nt^th,  eovcrcil  'a  ith  the  lim';<t 
.;raNs  in  the  world,  «<  U  wat>rip,|  in  many  placi's,  with  rivirs  and  streams  makiiiL' 
ilown  from  the  he:niU  tiru'  i"^  mountains,  tIiroii;>:Ii  the  plains ,  and  diained  liy 
the  nohlc  t'olinnliia. 

Walla-Walla  ti)>  aiul  Wall.^  Walla  Valley  li"  jiint  North  of  the  4fith  paralli, 
111'  latitude,  ami  about  in  J!ii-0"ntr»>  of  this  eoiintry.  This  eountry  is  composed  of 
II  series  of  valh  vs.  which  an- <Jnihiii-<l  by  the  I'esehuti's,  tile  .lohn  Piiy's,  the  Unia- 
tllla.  the  AValla  Walla,  thr  V.-ikim»,  the  I'alouse,  Spokane,  and  the  Colv'V:  ' 

The  siiil  lhroui:h<iul  llii*  vast  rfjfioii  presents  a  (zreat  nnilonnity  of  rli  racter, 
h-ini;  ehietiy  a  li;,'!!!  Iv-am.  with  more  ur  less  alkali  in  all  of  it.  Alon:.'  and  near 
the  hase  of  the  mountainf  llfTt-  are  more  loam  and  elay,  and,  I'onseipi  illv,  niore 
niolsline  retained  in  tiw  M«i!  !lia.n  farther  out  in  the  valleys,  althou^l.  .ill  the  hot 
torn  lands  alony  the  stn-JtiOK  c  mtaiti  a  larj,'e  amount  oi  vei;etahle  matter,  which, 
with  the  moisture  arisiug  froni  llw  xtreams,  render?  iheni  extremely  prodiietive. 

One  iif  the  trreat  jM'mlUritirK  of  this  country  is  iis  mild  eliinate.  At  this 
place,  in  latitude  -fi".  wo  M-l«!oni  have  snow  tielure  riiristmas,  and  thriiunhout  the 
fall,  for  niiirw  than  two  monlhi.  we  (utve  the  most  deli;,Hitlnl  weather,  ;;enerally 
frost  nt  ni^,Mt.  with  hri;:hl.  <ranii  davs.  witli  the  thermometer  ran^fin}^'  from  h:>^ 
to  7\)'. 

Sin;,'^ular  phenomena,  iw-raliar  to  this  country,  are  the  periodical  warm  hreezeB 
tlirou<,'li  till'  fall  and  winU-r.  whirh  sprin;:  up  away  down  in  the  vallev  s  ot  Califor- 
nia, break  throu^rh  the  low  pa.«»t.-.>  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  ran^e,  or.  the  head  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  ranjji  .  on  l!i«-  fu^vl  of  the  Sacramento,  and,  pass'nj;'  tlirou;.fli  by  the 
Klamath  Lakes,  swe"p  alon^  th«>  base  of  the  Hlne  Jlountains,  and  warm  iiji  the 
whole  atmosphere  b"yof.(l  tbt-  Itttb  |;arallcl.  Siii'li  a  breeze  is  now  blowing,  and 
at  this  writintr.  Xov<-i..;i«t>I.'". o'cluck  a.  m..  thi'  thermoi.>eter  stands  at  I'.i". 

Tlus  n.'ihi  ciimate.  »ith  llie  abundance  of  the  nutritiouH  bunch  j;r.iss  every, 
where,  renders  thi«  pr«'-«-iniBeiitlT  a  frrazlny:  country.    Cattle  and  IiorseB  are  seL 

(loni  fed  here  during:  the  wiut»'r,  even  as  far  North  as  the  I'.ilh  parallel,  1ml  ;.'^raze 
nil  winter  on  this  dry  srra*».  which.  tliroii:;li  the  dry  fall,  has  become  cured  stand- 
in/,  BO  that  it  is  nearly  <-<|ual  to  timothy  hay  ;  hence,  even  uj)  to  the  very  summit 
of  the  mountains,  on  th"  b«-ad-water«  of  the  Columbia  and  .Alissouri,  we  can  drive 
tip,'atllein  the  spring,',  from  the  ran <»e,  equal  lo  the  best  Kastern  stall  led 'jeef; 
and  many  of  them  have  not  ta*t««i  a  morsel  of  hay  or  straw. 

riu'  atmosphere  is  Kalal.>r1ou<  and  remarkably  free  from  miasinuiie  iHipurities. 


I 


.Vi 


V\'AS HINGTON  TKHRITOR Y 


■^ft 


f> 


t 


lu  the  suininor  tlii'  liciit  Ik  ratlnT  iiiti'iisi'diiriiif;  tlm  duy,  but  i-viry  eveiiiu;;  I»riiii;- 
with  it  a  relVcs'  '     •  cooliiL'srt,  wliicli  Is  iiertw'tly  dpliolbiiH. 

Wliciit.  ry         Its  aiiil  biirloy  ';-r<nv   tiiu'ly,  witlioiit  irriifatioii.  in  all   our  soil* 
wliirh  I'ontiii'         y  and  loiim,  aiul  can  l)i.' raiKcd  on  tiic  sandy  ixn'tiouM  oC  tlic  val 
ley  witli  irritrutioii.     'I'hri'c  years  iij^o,  wlien  our  vallcv  contained  ii  popiitatiou  ei 
les.s  than  li.tKK)  souIh,  all  told,  we  raised  about  l,oOO,lioo  buwlielH  of  ;,'rain,  riHi.iKN)  ol 
which  was  wheat. 

1  have  Heen   larye  lields  of  wheat  avera|j;e  .Vl  bushi'is  lo  the  acre,  aud  weitjli  'i'-' 
pounds  to   the  bushel  i    and  have    seen    tlelds    which    yielUed   4iMo  iV)  l)ushols  per 
aere,  tVoni  a  "  volunteer"  crop,  tli#t  is,  ))rodueed  th<'  seeon<i  year  from  jfrnin  >  liat 
tcrt'd  out   during  lutrvest,  sprouting;   diirin<;-  tlie  i'all.  aurl  yrowiny   >vilh(>iit  evcii 
harrowin;;. 

We  fieni'rally  raise  thevaiiety  kuowu  as  "Club."  and  sow  it  iti  the  lull  i>i 
spriuij. 

We  produce  about  Hi  bushels  ol  I'oru  to  the  aen^  ol  the  lar^i'  Vellov\  |)i  iil  va 
riety,  and  it  rijx'ns  nicely  by  the  lir.st  of  September. 

"'I'he  ))otato  is  perfectly  at  Iiouk-  lu're,  yrowiuy'  lurj^c,  line  aud  meal).  I  let .. 
uei<)fhl)or  have  nine  pouudH  of  tlie  early  (xoodricli  variety,  last  spring,  I'roiu  whicl> 
hi^  raised  l.'iTii  ])ouudK.  Sweet  potaloes  yield  finely,  but  they  are  not  so  s«vei.t  av 
further  South.  Turnips,  beets,  eabba;jfes,  tomatoes,  peas,  beans,  onioni'.  are  all 
raised  with  ease  and  in  jfn.'at  abuiidauee. 

.\lthou}^h  tlie  country  lias  been  settled  but  a  few  years,  then' aii-  alreiuly  :i 
number  of  fine  bearing  orchards.  1  commenced  lii're  si.\  years  af^o  last  spring  on 
!j;rouiul  that  had  uvver  been  fenced  or  plowetl.  After  thoroiij4hly  jjlowiu"'  up 
nbout  Hm;  acres  ui'  ^'ronnd,  I  planted  it  in  orchard  with  small  yearliiifi- tier,«.  I'hi.- 
year  I  had  '1,IHHI  busliels  of  the  finest  jieaehes  that  I  ever  saw  g'rown— fully  eiiiia' 
to  the  best  Delaware  and  New  .lersey  peaches— besicles  larj;e  f|uaulilies  of  applo, 
(lears,  plums,  cherries,  apricots.  ;irapes,  and  every  variety  of  small  fruits.  Krult^ 
(ri"  all  kinds  are  perfect  in  every  respect  in  this  climate,"  particularly  plums,  tin 
I'lirculio  bavin;,' never  been  seen.  I  have  Km  bearing  plum  trees;  one  Imperial 
(iai^o,  two  yea.-s  a";o,  proiluced  too  pouiuls  of  delicious,  ricli  fruit,  wliieh  broiiylii 
H  cents  |>er  pound  in  ^old  ;  last  year  it  had  about  the  saini  amount  of  fruit,  whicli 
sold  for  r."-3  cents  per  pound,  ^'old  ;  many  other  trees  did  nearly  as  well.  'I'liere 
are  a  laree  number  of  orchards  just  coiuiny  into  beariuL:  in  this  country,  wliicli 
ivill,  of  course,  brin^  down  the  price  of  fruit. 

'llie  dinuite  is  so  dry  that  we  never  see  anything  like  mildew  or  rot  on  the 
j^rape.  I  Iia<I  tjrapes  last  summer  ripen  and  have  a  fiiii'  llavor.  which  lay  entireh 
.(Ml  the  ground. 

Feiicinj^  OH  these  plains  is  iiu  important  item.  We  ;,''o  to  the  mountains  for  all 
.our  fencing;-  a'"'  luiiiber,  from  S  to -'(i  miles.  \\\  can  buy  pood  tlr  rails  in  tin 
mouutaiuH  lor*!  'lo  per  hundred,  with  a  ^ood  road  to  liaul  them  out.  'I'liere  lia- 
Jven  H  lar^re  aiuount  of  fencing  done  iu  this  valley  by  ditehinu',  but  it  soon  wear- 
,-lown.  aud  farniaj-s  are  now  hiiildin;;  t;ood  rail  fences. 

There  is  yet  a  lar<j;e  amount  of  nood  land  to  be  had  iu  the  ('olumbia  Itasin,  b\ 
.^oie^  bad:  a  Utile  from  the  settlements,  at  .*!  '.'.'i  pi  r  acre. 

flic  facilities  for  i^ettiui;  here  from  the  I'iast  are.  by  V'nion  I'acific  road  lo  Kel 
itou,  >M)  miles  Wesi  of  Sail  I.alcu,  or  rronionforv  l''>;.it,  tli<  ;>ce   by  daily  statfe,  .''lOe 
miles,  tliroii^U  Idnho  and  WeHtsrn  ttre^'-on.  te  this  place  ;  or  by  rail  o"  I'aiiama  te 
San  Franciscij,  tlicuci^  bv  steaiuHliip  to  I'ortl.ind,  <>re^''on,  tle-nce  by  steamboat  l>> 
i^^oiuwbiH  itivicr  to  Wallula,  aud  thence  by  ■  tai^c.'iu  miles,  totliis  plac,^.  • 


lillUATA  :— ,Paye  \o,  4t))    iiar;tgrapii. 
"*  ^^^SSy  '"^  days." 


foi 


flioo-y 
OP, 


t;>    dav.s."   read 


\» 


vfiiiiij;  briny 
I  :ill   our  soiln 

lis     of   till'   \  ill 

|)(>I>iitatiuii  III 
Hill,  riHi.mjt)  (il 

illUl  Wcif,')!  li-.- 

)(l  Iiu.^Ik.'Ir  pi  t 
111  >;niiii  >  liiil 
'vitlioiit  r\i  n 

n    Uu'  Hill  o! 

1!(>\>   |)i>nl  VM 

ii'iil}.  I  lev  ,. 
>■,  IVom  «  liicl' 
)t  so  siVi'it  a^ 
lliioiii'.  iiri'  ill 

iirr  iilrciulv  I 
l:isl  spi'iii;^  OH 
y  plowliiff  lip 
11^:  tn'c,<.  'I'lli.^ 
II— liilly  i'(|iiir 
lies  oC  iipplo. 
(Viiits.  Kniil^ 
•ly  iiliiiiis,  till 
oiir  Iiiipi'i'ial 

Vllil'll  l)lc)lli;lll 

il'  fiiiit,  wliii'li 

well.      Tllil. 

oiiiitiy.  wliiirli 

or  rut  on  tin 
'Il  liiy  iMitiri'h 

iiiitiiiiiM  lor  all 
Ir   rails  in  tin 
lit.     Tlui-f  ha- 
il soon  v\'uars 

iibia  Itasiii,  !>> 

il'  roail  to  Ki'l 
laily  stiiH:c,  .".(ic 
o-  Panama  t" 
■  Hti'ainljdJit  l>v 

111'-. .  ■ 


davf 


read 


giclufrtiisinfl  5«partmf«t. 


WASHINGTON     TERRITOHY, 

West  of"  the  Cascad.es- 


i^ALE— 4  MIliEiS  TO  1  INCH.      BlAP— 4>^  BY  5  FKKT  IN  SI7,E. 

Land  Surveys,  Indiiu  and  Goverument  IJeservr  Soundings,  i'rairios  and 
Tide  Lands  shown- 

Endorsed  by  the  officers  of  tlie  United  States  liau  Offices  and  ''  ist  Survcj 
as  the  best  Map  extant. 

Kvery  quarter  of  8ur  „'ycd  land  can  be  located  on  this  Map  as  ''"  as  on 

the  r.and  Office  plats. 

Pocket  Evlltlou,  Book  Form $'4  5t) 

RIouittod  on  Rollers,  Colored  aud  Variilslied,  complete,  8  00 


For  sale  by 
Sent  by  mail  on  receipt  of  money. 


HAZAKD  STEVENS, 

Olympia,  W.  T. 


McReavy  &  Purdy, 

DEALERS  IN 

GROCERIES,      PROVISIONS, 

DRY  aOODS,  CLOTHIiSra, 
Hats  and  Caps,  Boots  and  Shoes, 

HARDWARE.  CROCKERY,  AC. 
ITnion  Olty,  Mason  County,  W.  T. 

Alhambra  Saloon, 

MEYOK^riHE^lTR  &  CO., 

RETAILERS  OF  FINE  WINES  AND  LIQUORS. 

Corner  of  Commercl&I   and   Mill  Streets, 
Heattlo,  "W.  T. 


TI 


Adveutisino  Department. 


H 


t 


!30i^,  ACKERSOM  &  CO., 

LUMBER        DE^^LERS, 

llaviuf:  our  I'.iiiUtii's  now  comiik'tiHl,  w(,' can  furnish  from  on',   own   .mim.s 
li-)tli  I'hic  and  Kciiwdod.  rouj^ii  iiiid  dressed. 
Can  cut  !I<i  feet  in  lenLrtli. 

Oki'uks  at— riKK  '.»,  Stowiirt  str'-ft,  i<an  Fr.ineisco, 
KKDWOOT)  CITY,  San  .'Iiitfo  county. 
TACOMA,  AV.  T. 


IT.  R  .    nTST>TH]7srS,AKY. 
NAThTd.  HILIj, 

(I,ATK    p.    M.    O'BlllEX,) 

¥>  IRL  ¥J  O-  «-  X  «  T , 

POKT  TOWNSKyD.  WASIIIXGTOX  TERRITORY. 


0»  F.  CERRISI-S  &>  CO., 

cx)Ai:vLissic>.v  ]\n^:r^co:A.:iVTS 

.VXD   AVHOr.E.^.M.K   AND    UETAII.   DEALERS   IN 

po]rr  TowxsK  Ni),  vv  vShixgton  territory 


IMPORTEH   AND   I)):aLER   IN 

SSlieet   Ii"on»,   I^eacl  F*ipe,  Tin-^Wai-e, 

And  Houso- Furnishing  '-Sardware. 

Manufacturer  of  Tk;  Sheec  Iron  and  Copper-Ware. 

WATER  SrREET,  PORT  TOWX!  I'.Xl),  W.  T. 


^  \Vn()I,ES.\I,l-,    ANI     RETAIL       KALER    IN 

GENERAL     MERCHANDISE. 

W'iLL  Fl'RN'iS!!   LUMBER,    Sl'.VIiS    A.N'D    IMI.KS  BV  THF,  rAR(;(;  FOB 

FOltEHJX  OR  nO.-IK.^TIC  TRADE. 

Will  ulso  do  i\  Forwarding  and  Commission   Businoss   in  all  linos  ol 

Merchandise. 


5., 

!    0\VN    .MILLS 


Praiu'isfo, 
;o  county. 


DRY. 

DISE. 

ORY 


e. 

er-Ware. 

T. 


DISE. 

1  all  linoa  ot 


Ain'KIl'i'ISlMG    I)Kl'AkT.MKNT. 


HI 


BILLIAED    SALOO^ 

MAIN  STRE1<:T,  OLYMPIA,  \V.  T. 


Tile  liur  is  ut  iilltiniHs  s*ui)ijli<'il  with  tlii'  rlioico.xt  stock  oi 

Wiiies,  I_jiq[rLoi\s  and  Cigai\s. 

TWO  FIRST-CLASS  BILLIARD  TABLES 

Will  .ilfor,-!  ^ciitlciiieu  the  uu'aiis  of  ])k'ii.suiit  iTiTiMtioii,  while  llu'  ■.•■■utrul 
luxation  of  tiicllouso  will  lUMki' it  a  couvcuiout  phicc  of  resort  tu  all  travelers 
who  may  tcnijiorarily  visit  Olyiupia. 

THE  PUBLIC  A1!E  UKSPECTFUl.LY  iXVlTED  TO  CAi.i.. 


DlCALKli.    IN 

T  1  Is",  H  A.  Tl  U  W  A  n  K , 

AND   MANi>''AC;TUKKU   OF 

TIN,  ooppa  mt  SHEET  mm  ytimi- 

yV    Ijtii'sse    HiiiJply     of     Hto^'o*^     alAVuy.s     on     Hitiirt. 

.J(»li!!lX(J  DdNE  WITH   XEATXP:.SS  AND  DlSl'AT,  li. 

©rders   Soiicited. 
OLYMPIA,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY 


WIIOI-KSAl.K   AND    UKTAU,    DJULKU    IN 

STOCKS,    TTisr-  ^w  A.  r:k, 

AND   .MANUFACTCUKK   DK 

Till,  Oo]>pc'i-  iiiirl    .Sheet    ?  loii   A^'are. 

WATER  STREET,  PORT  TOWNSENl).  W    T. 


ATTOHNKY  AT  LAW   AN!^  NOTARY   prnLK'. 

STFILA(;OOM,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 


IV 


Adverhsing  Departmkvt. 


TOWN    LOTS 

F0:EI  S.A.LE  -A.X  THE 
At  Reasonable  Rates. 

WEST   OLYMPIA. 

This  well-known  site  is  located  at  the  head  of  ship  navi{,'atiou,  on  the  Wrs 
side  of  Budd's  Inlet,  about  two  miles  below  Olympia,  the  nearest  point  on  Puj,'i  t 
Sound  to  the  Columbia  Kiver,  and  commonly  known  as  •'  Brown's  Wharf." 

Title — United  Btates  Patent* 


Olympia,  W.  T.,  Sept.  18.  1870. 


CIDDINCS   A   LOWELL, 

AGENTS. 


:  iS 


^ 


I 


WA  CHONG, 

3S^-A.lSrXJFA.OTXJR,Eri.    OF 

ALL     BRANDS    OF    CIGARS, 

AND   WHOLESALE   AN!>    RETAIL    DEALER    L\ 

TEAS,  FANCY  GOODS  AND  CHINA  PROVISIONS. 
Mill  Street,  Seattle,   W.   T. 

Vancouver  Nursery, 

S-  "W".  Bro-wn,  IProprietoi*. 

The  Proprietor  offers  all  kinds  of  Fruit  Trees,  includin«'  the  justly  celebrated 
"  Black  Republican  Cherry,"  on  as  favorable  terms  as  can  be  had  elsewhere. 

ORDERS  PROM  ABROAD  ARE  SOLICITED. 


I 


Seattle  Bakery. 

Hieonai'd.    H/eiiiig",    Proprietoi*. 
ALSO,  GROCERY,  PROVISION  AND  PRODUCE  STORE, 

MILL  STREET,  SEATTLE,  W.  T. 


Advertising   Depaetment. 


:>fXJN 


I,  on  tho  Wt!^ 
mint  on  Pu^;« ' 
Wharf." 


ELL, 

AGKNTS. 


lARS, 


SIONS. 


ST,  -^KT.  T. 

»tly  celebrati'il 
elsowhere. 


E  STORE, 


W.  H.  GILLIAM, 

COMMISSION    DEALER, 

\VII,L  (ilVE  PROMPT    ATTPLVTIOX  TO  liUyiX*;     VXD    .-KLI.IXC    A  I.I. 
KIXI).^   OF   PRODICE. 

Yesler's  Wharf,  Seattle,  W.  T. 

Occidental  Hotel, 

SEATTLE,  Kli^C   COIXTV,  W.  T. 

J.  C OLI^II^H  <fe  CO.,  l>ropiietors. 

OPf:N   AT    Al.L    HOURS,    KAY    AXP    XIGHT. 

ANDERSON  &  MOORE, 

LIQUOR  AND  BILLIARD  SALOON, 

No>   'i,  t'ommerrial   ^reet. 

SEATTLE,  'WASHXNGTON  TERBITOBY. 

JOHN  LATHAM, 

DEALER    LX 

Orvig-s,    ]Mecliciiie*si     and    Chemicalss, 

F-A.IsTC'S'   -A^lSriD    TOILET    AJRTICILES, 

Sponges,  Brushes,  Perfumery,  &c. 

STEILACOOM.  W.  T- 

I'hysicmuH"  Prescriptions  carefully  rompoondMl  and  orders  answered  with 
ciire  and  despatch.  FurmcrH  and  Phyr^icuins  from  the  coBBtry  will  find  our  Stock 
of  Medicines  complete,  warranted  t,'cnuine.  and  of  the  be*t  qaality. 

MRS.  LOUISA  GOODTIME, 

DEALER    IN 

GENERAL    MERCHANDISE, 

Ladies'  Fancy  Goods. 

PARTICULAR  ATTENTION    PAID  TO  FILLIX*;    ORDERS    FROM    THK 

COUNTRY. 

Produce  bronf^ht  at  Cmrremt  Rate*. 

STBILACOOM,    W  \SHI.\GT03K    TERRITORY. 


VI 


ADTKKrrritixo  Dia'AUTMK.vr. 


\ 


■j' 


i 


I 


Cosmopolitan  Hotel, 

rOKMKKf.Y   SIUKS'   nOTICL), 

PORT  TOirXJiEM),  WASHINGTON  TKllUITOllY. 

NKAHKST    liMJIL   TO    TIIR    STKAMl'.OAT    LANDIXlv 

TriivtliT).  win  1iu^'%,'.  fiott  ricromniodatioii  lo  bi'  IkkI  on  I'lurt't  Snuuil. 
Suits  of  rooiu*^  fi/r  3'  uaaiwa. 

J.  J.  HUMT,  Proprietor. 


(liAitLKS  ElSKXIiKlS, 

Jt.vyCFACTCHEU   OF 

SHiF  BP=EAD  i  iD  ALL_KiJiBS  OF 

AJ.19O,  WiaolfcS^ale  and  lletuil  T>eaioi"  in 

Provisions  and  Croceries,  Flour,  Feecly  &c, 
PORT  'K)W3<EXI>.  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 


CJlERS. 


H.  O.  SHOES Y  &  CO., 

D?;Ar,Eus  i\ 

DRY  GOODS  C.OTHiNG,  BOuTS  &N0  SHOES, 

3for«nc!-'Lro,  \v.  t. 


:m. 


Seattle  Drug  Store, 

SEATTLE,  W.  T. 

"r3or,E:.-.vLK  .\xd  rrt.mi,. 


E.  S.  WILLSY  &  CO., 


RY. 

ANDINl^ 


i\mil. 


ietor. 


11 

iRY. 


SHOES, 


L'lctoi 


0  R  ^^ 


Advertisino   Depautment. 


vn 


standard  Bakery. 

HAV1X(;  LKASKD  Til  10  STAXDAUl)    llAKERV,    I     AM    PUHI'AUED    TO 
FUBXISU  OX  THE  MO^'.T  REASONABLE  TERMS  TO  THE  TRADE. 

PILOT  ^VIS^D  ^-nTA VY   BKEAX:), 
Soda  Biscuit,  Btitter  and  Sugar  Crackers, 

Will   keep   oil   liaiul   all   llic^   varioi^t  :,'ra(K'M  and  brand.-"  ol"  Klour,   at  mill  iiriccH- 
tof^ctlicr  with  a  choice  suliM'tion  of  (Jroccrips  for  Family  use. 

■jRDERS     RESPECTFULLY     SOLICrri!!)     \:<l    SATISFACTION    GUARANTEED. 
Hi^licgt  Prices  paid  for  No.  1  Couutry  Prodncc. 

CHAS.  EAGAN, 

Successor  to  Ward  ^'v:  Mitchell. 


Olympia  Bath  House, 

Olyinpia,    A\'^a«liino'ton    Territory. 

Open  fiom  T  ^V.  IVI.  to  ^  I».  IVt. 

BATH    HOUSE   ON   FIRST    STREET,    BETWEEN   THE   TWO 
STEAMBOAT  WHAR\'ES. 

Sail  and  Kow  Beats  always  on  hand  for  Pleasure  and  Picnic  Excursions, 
to  let  at  Reasonable  Rates. 

J.  H.  CP-EALE,  Proprietor. 


0.  C,  BARTLETT, 

PORT  TOWNSENU,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

DEALER   IN 

DRY   GOODS,    CLOTHING, 

Boots,  Shoes,  Croceries,  8ic. 

Kmm  &  KAMES, 

CORNER  TAYLOR  AND  WATER  STREETS, 

PORT  TOWNSEND,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 


VIII 


Advkktising   Dkpartment. 


i 


'i 


\i 


PUGET  SOUND 

BOOT  m  SHOE  MAIPACTORI. 


SE^A^TTLE,  "W^.  X- 


VVII,I.     MAKK    T(»    OROKR     ANI>     KP]EP    CONSTATLV     FOR    SAUv 

At  the  Lowest  Market  Prices, 

FINE  CALF,  KIP  AND  STOGA  BOOTS  AND  SHOES. 
Public  Patronage  Solicited. 

R.  J.  MOORE,  Proprietor. 

N.  B.    BepairinK  done  with  N'eatness  and  Dispatch. 
<  »i.-tober,  t«70. 

STEFFEN  &  BROTHERS, 

SEATTLE,  W.  T. 

SMALL  SCHOONERS  CAN  RECEIVE  BRICK  AT  THE  YARD. 

Best  (Quality  of  Brick,  at  the  LiOtvciit  Itlnrket  Price,  aHvayn  on  hand. 

T.  COULTER, 

Seattle,  Wasliington  Territory, 

o  o  o  I*  :e  I^ . 

CHURNS.  BiriTER  FIRKINS,  FISH  BARRELS,  AND  ALL  ARTICLES  I.V 
MY  LINE  FURNISHED  ON  SHORT  NOTICE. 

M.  F.  MONET, 

No.  4,  Commercial  St.,  Seattle,  W.  T. 

MiealH  at  all  Hours. 


TORV. 


FOR    SAI.K. 


I  SHOES. 


ietor. 


:  YAUl). 
tyM  on  haixl. 


bory. 


iRTICLBB  IN 


ST.  T. 


AUVEUTISINO     1)HPAKTMI'.NT 

nnim..ri,j^iri 


IJ 


IX 


TACOMA,  PIERCE  COUNTY.  W.    l. 

Every  kind  of  Picture  pertaining  to  the    Photo- 
graphic Art. 

Carte  df  Visile  iu  vitpiettc  or  full  Icufftli,  plaiu  or  .'iiaiiU'lliU. 

Also,  the  wonderful  Porcelain  pitturi',  tin'  rtiuht  :iiiil  mont  ('l('},raiit  oC  ;ill  pli" 
tuKraiiliB. 

The  ueut  and  convenli-nt  articl*  known  af  '*  (Jouis"  niado  to  onli'r. 

Or,  if  you  wish  a  pliturc  life  size,  or  iiiiy  size  liiss.  of  any  kind  or  ddsirliition. 
they  can  be  had  at  the  above  Gallery. 

The   Latewt   riiiproveirieiit ! 

PHOTO-CRAYOXS  OK   ANY  SIZE. 

Kemarknble  for  elegance  of  tluish  and  truthfulni-ss  of  reprl•^entatloll. 
VlewHof  i)oiiit»  on  the  Sound  and  in  tin  country  on  hand,  or  to  ord(?r. 


NEW  YORK  B^iKERY. 


Jno.  A-  Wo<>cl\vai*cl,  Ir*i*opi*iet<>i*, 


ASU  DEAI.EK  IN  AM.  KINDS  OF 


F  A  M  r  r . ^'  s  ir  p  i^  r.  i  k  s . 


A.r,so, 


C( ) M  M IHS  1C>  X   O K A  i .  b: 1 1 

IN  GRAIN,  FLOUR,  FEED  &  MERCHANDISE 

OF"    AT^I^     IvliNI>W. 

SEATTLE.  WASHINGTON    lERTlTORY. 

n 


X 


AuVKim«I.\<J    ])i;i'AKTMKNT. 


BLUMAUER  &,  FROMAN, 


WIIOI-KSAI.K   AM)    lU'.TAII,   DKAI.KUS   IN 


\m  mm,  fancy  (joods. 


C'I\.<>'riII?>fCi,    L'-lUtlVlWIIIXii    «i<>01>K, 


HATS,  BOOTS,  SHOES,  AND  RUBBER  BOODS. 


I  «. 


i 
1 


*» 
i 


\ 
I 


Cjililbrjii.'i  «'AUcl  <')reo;()ii 

(WSSIMKIIKS.    FLA\M:LS    and    llLANIvKTS. 

MAIN  STRERT,  OLYMPIA,  W.   r. 

S.  W.  PERCIVAL, 

WnOI.ESAl-K     AND      UCTAII.      DKAI.KU      IN 

SALEM    WOOLEN     GOODS, 

Tyn'y  Groocls,  Clotliiiig-,  Hoots, 

Shoes,  Groceries,  Provisions,  Crockery,  Hardware, 

CARPENTERS',  FARMING  AM>  CiRlJBHIlVG  TOOIiS, 

DOOKS,  WINDOWS  AND  ULINDS.  (il.ASS,  I'AINTS  i*;- OILS. 

Rope,  Illocks,  Aiicliors  nii<l  Chains,  Tar, 

Pitch  and  Oakum,  Lime,  Plaster  Paris  &  Cement. 

MAIN  STRKKT,  OLYMPIA,  W.    1'. 
N.  B.— Wood  imd  Water  supplied  to  Steamboats  at  the  Whai-t. 


iti. 


^'■•» 


1>H, 


eooDS. 


ANKKTS. 


)ODS, 

ots-, 

lardware, 

['OOliS, 

sTS  cV-  OILS, 
fc  Cement, 

the  Wharf. 


Al>VKUriS<N(i    t)KrAUtMKNlf.  XI 

DOOLEY  &   ROGERS, 

Ciiy    Mnrket, 

WlI()I,i;sAI,l';   AMI    KliTAIl-   DKAI-EKS   IN   A  1,1.   KINDS  OF 

VEGETABLES,  BEEF,  PORK, 

Mutton  and  Smoked  Hams. 

/V1h(>,  kLcp  oonsliiiith   on   liiiiul.  .ind   Holicit   oi-dcru  from   Mill  CompiiniCB. 
Sfoarnlx'  ♦'>    •'    ti«)s,  Slii|j  (',ii)tii(iis,  and  the  iiiibllc  ^a'li  ritUy,  for 

Corned  and  Salt  Beef,  Pork,  Hams  and  Bacon. 


M 

Wli.l,  I'AV   I'AltTICl'I.AI!  ATTKNTOX  TO  THE  I'URCHASE  ANM»  SALK 

OF    OATTI.K. 

U'liDloHdli-  Itoilcrs  will  tind  our  liu-iliticH  (or  tradhiy:  second  to  none  in  WaBJi 
in«;ton  Territory. 


THE  TEMPERANCE  ECHO. 

A.  Joiii'iial  foi*  tlie  l^^ireside, 

DEVOTKU   TO   THE   CAUSK   OV 

imPiUmi,  EDUCATION  AND  MORAL  REFORM. 

I'lBLISUEl)     HVI'.llY     THURSDAY,     AT     OLYMl'IA,     W.    T. 


TBmVES    OF    STJBSCIiI3?TI03Sr : 

Pel-  Annum,   iit  advance $'-i  Oil 

I..  V.  VKNKN,  lOditor.  .1-  H-  MIJN.SON,  I'roiuietor. 


H.  E.  GRIFFIN, 
CARPENTER  AND  JOINER, 

.  Corner  of  ninln  and  First  Streets, 

OLYMPIA.  WASHINGTON  TEKRITOKY. 

WILL  PAV  )'AI!TI(I'L'ai:    ATTENTIOX  Tt)  REl'AIRINi;    KllLMTl'KE. 

I'lANOS.  ETC. 


xir 


ADVP:RTI8TN(i     DkpARTMKNT. 


I      1 


The  Pp?ific  Insurance  Company, 

4*4^  California  St.,  8aiii  Fraiiciscw,  Cal. 

Fii*e  anifl  iVJCai-ine  IinsJii.x*ance. 

.JTTT^Y  1,  1H70. 
ASSETS  IN  (iiOI.D )Bil,740,06«.ll 

LOHSKS    I'ROMVTLY    I'AU)    IN    «0M)   ON    ADJUSTMENT. 
A.  J.  RAIiSTOX,  Sec'y.  .T.  HIIIBT,  Pre«t. 

INSIRANCK  EIT'KCTi:!)  I'N  THK  MOST  FAVORABLE  TERMS  BY 

J.  G.  PARkER,  Jr.,  Olympia, 

The  North  Pacific  Gardens. 


THE   ABOVi;    NAMED    TLACE    UAS    HKEN    ClIANCKI)   TO 

.V     K  A  AI  1  lu  Y     1 1  K  H  i)  ]rl  T  , 

AVIn'i-e    iimj'    !»«■    founii     liCiiioiiufle,     t'ljjfars,     and     tU«'    celebrated 
"Vorth  Pacltic  ljnj;«T,  in  bottlrx. 

FRANK  (il  TTKMJiKRG,  I'roprictor. 

ALSO, 

Alhambra  Saloon, 

< '<»rn«M'  OoTumt'foIiil   aii<l  >nil  Mtret't**, 

SKA'ITI.i:.  WASHINGTON  TKRIUTORY 


I 
I 


FXJO-ET    SOTTKrr) 

MERGHANTILE  AND  REAL  ESTATE  AGENCY. 

Also,     Ija,w    H.TuX     ( 'oUec'-tioii    Office. 

JOHN   P.  JUDSON, 

ATTtUJNK^    AM>  ('(»1;NSKI,I.(»H  AT   LAW. 
oKKKm:— roKT    r<MVNSKM>.  W.  T. 

C.  L.  MITCHELL, 

MANUFACTURER   AND   DEALER   IN    FIRST-PLASS 

SADDLF.S.  BIIIDLKS.  IIAHNKSS.  COI.LAIIS.  iK. 

SE-A.TTLB,    W".    *T. 

^ATlSFArTlON  (UTARANTKED   IN   t'UTCK  ANl^  QUALITY. 


pany, 

ce. 

10,065.11 

NT. 

IIJST,  Prcst. 

MS  BY 
•let. 

ens. 

TO 

R  1   , 

•    celebrated 

i,  I'niprii'tov. 


ietw, 

i. 


16ENCY. 


i'V 


(  )  ffi 


9SON, 

I.OIJ  AT  LAW. 


8S 


.Alts,  i{^i\ 


IIAMTY 


AOVERTlSINfi    DkI'AUI  MKNT. 


>l.  >.  BOOTH, 

loSKI'll    KORST,  Sf^ttle- 


xni 


I,.  \V.  FOSS, 

Port  TowusriKl. 


BOOTH,  FOSS   &   BORST, 

WHOLSKAIf?  AND  BF.TAII.  DEALERS  IN  ALL  KINDS  OF 

VEGETABLES,  BEEF.  PORK,  MUTTON  &  SMOKED  KAMS. 


A  S'PERIOR  QUALITY  OF 

Hams,  Bacon,  Barreled  Beef  and  Pork. 

I'll!'  (iMtr'jiitt^ti  of  Mill  •  .^lupanif,   Sliipjjinj;,    Hotels,   FaiiiilcH    iind   Wholemile 
I»'-»l»?rs  rospi'ctfiilly  solicited. 

Orrttsriai  from    "%niol«ale    Ooaler^   slioultl  l>e  sent  t« 

JiJt^attle  Atai'Uot. 


SEATTLE  MARKET. 

rommcrrial  «t..  W.  T. 


PEOPLE'S  MARKET, 

Port  TowuHert,  W.  T. 


I.  WADDELL, 

DEALER   IN 

STOVES,  PUMPS,  TIN  PLATE,  SHEET 


,   COPPER 


AIV1>    Xi:!^C'. 


I. 


lanufactui'er  of  Tm,  and  Sheet  Ii'on  Copper-Wai'e. 

I'AltlKri.An  ATTEXTToX  PAIH  To   Al.l,  KI.\I»S  OF  .lOH  WORK. 
SEATTLE,  TVASHINGTON  TEBBITOBY. 


Dexter  Stable. 

J>,v*^i*  ^  Cro«ari*ove,  Ir*r*opi*iet<>i*s«» 

HORSES  AXn  CABRIAGRS  LET  BY  THE   I>AV  OJI   HOUR. 

WILLIAM  HAMMOND, 
rVa^'Hl  mi<l  3JraLf  iiio  vVi'<*liit€M»f 

SE.\TTLE.  WASHINGTON  TKRUirOHY. 


xr\ 


Am'ERTISING    I)p:pa«;tmknt. 


\ 


I 


OLYMPIA  BOOK  STORE. 

■jbAij^Tisr  ST.,  oxj~ynvEi=ij^3  -V7'.  t. 

KKKl'   ON    HAM) 

MTisical   liisti'Liiiieiits,  &c.    - 

THE    OlSTL^Y 

GENERAL  BOOK  AND  STATIONERY  SRORE 

ON  PIJGET  SOUND. 


I'KIMOIiK'ALS  AX1»   LATEST  XEWSI'AI'ERS     RKCElVKIt     f{V    F-:VKI{Y 

ST  K  AM  Kit, 

T.  C.   LOWE  &.  CO. 

Dr.  A.  H.    STEELE, 

(l-ATK  A.  A.  SUUGEOX,  V.  S.  A.,) 

pirvsiciA^:  and  SI  Rr^Kc:»:. 

Office— at  Residence  on  Franklin,  bet.  Union  and  Tenth  Sts., 
OLYMPIA.  WASHINGTON  Tl-JiRITOliV. 

UNION    BREWERY. 

J.  i\  tVi;  J.  I V.  Wood,  I  Proprietors, 

CREAM    ALE    BREWEES. 

WlioU'KHl*'    niKl    lt«'tull. 

()T,YM1'L\.  WASIUNGTON  Tl^llRrrOHY. 


G.  G.  TURNER, 

■WHOLESA-riE    -A-r^D    HET-A.IL 

A  potliecai'y   and     I  )iMio'u-isl 

OT^VMl»TA     l>nrT«     (STOTIJ:, 

MAIN  STUI-.l'/r.  OLYMl'L\.  WASHINGTON   IKIllU  TOKV. 


ADVERTISIXG    I)EPAUTMi;N'f. 


XV 


7".   T. 


Ptirnv^. 


3R0RE 

V     KVKHV 
&  CO. 


;h  Sts., 


ors, 

EES. 


STEILACOOM    MARKET. 

l!i'T('IIKI!S,  rACKl'IIS  OF  ISKKK  AND  I'dllK, 

AND   WlIOl.ES.VI.K   AXD   RKTAII,    DKALKUS   IX 

MEATS  AND  YI]GETA]ILES. 

Stock   Hoii^lit  and  Sold. 

\Vi41  koi',)  (111  liaud  ii  i^iilU'l-ior  qiiiility  of  Ooru  l!i'(?f  iiiu!  Moss  I'ork  ;  tho  lust 
)l  fresh  Mi'i'f,  \'ciil,  MiittDii,  I'ork.  :i)iil  \'c.'^('tiil)k's  of  all  kimls,  and  olfcr  tli^iii 
rit  roas'j!!iilili!  rates. 

SIioop,  r.t;ef  Cattlo,  Work  Oxen,  Krcsli  Milch  Tows  ami  Ho;^s.  oi-  foot,  for 
sale. 

•Oritet-s  .solicite<l    ami    iii-oin|itly    nttoiitlcil    to,    ami    Joi-warrtert    by 

.steamer  it'  icqitirt'd. 

STF.ILACOOM.  WASHINGTON  TKllHITOllY. 


THE     CDXu~^1>A.:E^XJ^ 

WASllL\(iT()X   STAM)Ain). 


Tiie  Oldest  Newspaper  in  the  Tenitory. 

The  only  Democratic  Journal  west  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains. 


r.KIMAII   ItliOWN.  KiMTOH. 


.JOHN   M.  Ml'i;ril  V.  I'l  iu.i>m;K. 


TEI^ls/fl:©    OF    SXJBSaK,IFI03SrS: 

Per  Annum,  invuvialily   in  ailvaiice Jg^t  <") 

For  six  montli.« 'i  <M» 

Aclvej'tlr-iliiK  iit  tlie  lo^vewt  llviiit^  i-ntois. 

KVKllV  VAIMKTY  OK  .101!  \V()I!K   K.XiOrrTKI)  WITH    .NKAIXKS,^  A.NK 
DESPATCH   AT  THK  WA.'^HINP.TON  STAXHAIM)  .MU;  0|-KH'K. 


ITOUY. 


H^VT^L   At  hill, 

C^ni*|)eiii  t'l'S  and  eJoiiiei'S, 
COMliAC  TORS  AM)  TH  TT  DERS. 

Ori'OSlTK   ()(•(  IDKNTAI.    110Ti;i., 

si-:attij<;  WASHiNcnoN  ■n'.KiirioKY. 


xVi 


AnvKUTisiNG   Departmknt. 


MlKpsit  M0tl0tt  k  tf  Um 


BANKERS, 


Seattle,  Wasliiiiy^toii  '^Ferritory- 


Deposits  recoived  and  Accounts   kept   subject 
to  Check  or  Draft. 


I»t«i'ei>t  allo^vfd  on  Time    UepoAlti'    iVoiii   tlntc  of  Dt-poxit. 


ON  PORTLAND,  SAN  FRANGiSCO  AND  NEW  YORK. 


i' 
♦ 

J. 


itioiivy  loMiieil  oil  appt'ored    security ;    UoikIn,    Stocks    hikI    otli<-r 
viiluubleii  received  ou   deposit  for  saf<'    keepin)^. 


Collections  made  and    Proceeds   promptly   re' 

mitted. 


f» 


INVI<>iTMKNTS    IN     UK,\\.    KSTATK    AND    OTHKR    PROl'KHTY     MAMK 

FOR  I'AKTfKS. 


(£0. 


■■^i|j,,WM.ipf  I-   IIMi«.V^i^V|tn«l,i"*''T-^''7l'  '-TT-:;?^ 


AdVEHTISIXG    ]  )EPAia'MKNT. 


XVII 


jvy. 


WHOLESALE  cV:  RETAIL  lU   TCliKHf;, 
WJ'I^IT^A.CX>0:>T.     >VawIilitmon     '^^leiril  <>!•>. 

PIONEER 

NEWS  AND  BOOK  DEPOT. 


C/'- 


j!« 


:2/ 


subject 


Deposit. 

W  YORK. 

i    Hud    other 

Ins- 

mptly   re- 

'KHTY     M.\I>1'; 


^'^ 


I00IS, 


MISCELLANEOUS,  READING, 

Hi.  V\  Coombs,  r'*roi)rietoi*. 

Vc-xt    Ooor    to   tlie    Tiitt'lllyc«"iif'»'i'    OHleo,     fSfaltl*'. 

DRY  GOODS,  FANCY  GOODS,  CLOTHING, 

Furnishing  Goods  and  Groceries. 

THE  HICllEST  I'lMCE  PAID  FOl!  ALL  j<IXl)S  Oi'    KTUS  AXii  HIDES. 

SA  L  EM  CL  0  TILS  OF  J  /.  L  KINDS. 

C'oi'nor  3ralii  uii<l    ITlrst  Htrt'ot«.,    Olynipln,  AV.  T. 

W I  ]K  IvL Y      M]  ]SS  .\  Cr  I  ], 

poiir  TowNsi':x]),  wasiiixgtox  teiuuto]{y. 

ISSI'ED    KVKllY   TUKSUAV    HY 

HENflY    L.    SUTTON,    PUBLISHER    AND     PROPRIETOR. 

TEIlMa  OF  SUBSimiPTWX : 
I'd-  Annum,  in  artvnnco,  $:( ;  six  months,  ,*2.     Arlvortlsfns  on  moiIiTHto  Ivrmt*. 

J.  E.  WYCHE, 
ATTO  RTsTTilY  AT  T.AAV, 

OLYMIMA.  WASIIIXGTOX  TKHltlTOliV 

ii; 


wTf 


XVIII 


Advebtising   Department. 


I 


UNIVERSAL  FAHILT  SCALE. 


Thf  Scale   is  manufactured  of  the   best   materials.    carefiElI}'    put 

^togctlier,  and  Is  au  accurate,  durable  ^vetglilng  uiacbine. 

It  is  lifflit,  portable,  coiiipnct,  and  caunot  be  easily  derauged  by  upsottiuji- 
cai'clesB  handliug,  or  injured  in  any  way,  unless  the  iron  framework  ia  broken. 
It  is  correct,  being  sealed  by  L".  S.  Standard.  Has  no  weifrbts  to j^et  lost ;  standi 
upon  iti,  own  bottom  ;  occupies  but  little  si)ace  ;  is  always  rt>ady  for  u»e,  and  is 

THE  OKCE-A-I^ESX  A-IsTr)  BESX  AJITICLE 

of  its  kind  ever  offered  in  this  marki  t. 

THREE  SIZES  ARE  MANUFACTURED. 

Families,  Hotels,  stores,  and  any  one  who  has  weighiug  to  ilo.  will  tind  it 
invaluable  in  their  business. 

Will  -wc-ltsli  li'oiii  Iinll'im  oiinoo  l<»  lit'ty  potiiiclts. 

WILL  SOON  BE  FOR    SALE    AT    ALL    THE    PRIXCH'AL   TOWNS    IN 

THE  TEniUTonv. 

A.  A.  MANNING,  SOLE  AGENT, 

OLYMPIA,  WASHIXGTOX  TERRITORY. 

A^^ABI  iiiNroTC)>r 
WATER  PIPE  MANUFACTURING  &  WATER  COMPANY, 

01<"  OLY3ir»IA,   W.   T., 

Are  prepared  to  mauufacture  "Water  Pipe  for  sale  on  short  notice- 
and  on  i  ensonnble  terms,  of  the  following  dlmenitions  : 

TWO,  THREE,  EOIR  AND  SIX  INCH  BORE. 

This  ripe  is  made  with  Wvekoll's  patent  auj,'ers  for  borin-  Water  I'ipe,  ami 
is  warranted  to  stand  a  pressure  of  one  hundred  .-iud  lifty  fwt.      It  is  more  dura 
ble  than  any  other  rijie  made,  and  can  be  furnished  at   reasonable  rates  l)y  aji 
Dlvinu  to  the  Conipanv. 
'    ^      "  '       •  S.  D.  HOWE.    Secretary. 


EARLY  ROSE  POTATOES ^2  PER  BUSHia,. 

BRESEE'S  PROLIFIC 1  PKR  PECK. 

CLIMAX 1  '• 

H.  HART1.EY. 
Olyinpla,   Washl^igton  Territor>. 


lUfiw«i'l!i.(.  II    PKfu  ■   vmr  IlK     ,  M  -I  **  Jfl'- 


■efttlly    pnl 

Bchiiie. 

by  upsettiut;. 
rk  is  broken, 
"t  lost ;  stands 
•  use,  and  is 

CICLE 


RED. 

J.   will   tiii'l  It 
MUlllcliri. 

TOWN!^    IN 


OMPANY, 


ihort  uotlcf- 

RE. 

rater  IMpe,  and 
t  is  more  diuii 
ie  rates  by   i\]> 

iieeretary. 


R  BUSUKl. 
,R  PECK. 


\IIT1.EY, 
>u  TerrUor>. 


Advertising  Depaetment.  XIX 

DAILY  PM^ 

PUBLISHED  EVERY  EXTXING, 

At  (  ^lyiiipia,  \\"a«liing:toii  Territory. 

XERIVCS    CDF    SXJBSCIiII>TIOKr: 

IVr  '^'ear jgS 

Six  Months 4 

One  Moiitli 1 

Advertising  on  Rea^onaMr  Ten^«. 

WEEKLY  PACIFIC  TRIBUNE. 

PUBLISHED  EVEKY  .-ATl-BDAY, 

\t  !j:!  jier  .Annum,  In  udvanee  ;  si.x  niontlis.  ¥J.     AdTtrtlsiiig  on  moderate  ternis. 

CHAS.  PROSCH  &  SON, 

I'rnLI-HKI>    AM>    PKOIMtlKTCtUS. 

J.  A.  SUFFERN, 

PUOPltlETOU     AND     OWNER    OF    THE 
KUNS  DAILV 

FROM  PORT  MADISON,  VIA  PORT  ELAKEIY  JO  SEATTE, 

AND 

U.S.  MAIL  C  (>XTHACTC>R 

FKOM 

SEATTLE  TO  WHATCOM, 

ONCE    A    WEEK. 

STEWART  &  ANDREWS, 

HAVE     THE     LARGEST     AND     BEST     ASSORTMENT     OF 

(DOKING,  BOX  &  PARLOR  STOVES. 

Till  and  >It'tal  Roofing. 

-Vll  .loU  Work  pertainirifj  to  the  business  doae  with  in»a£n<»*»  and  dl!<pntch. 

SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 


'Illl  Ulllljyilll  IJII 


XX 


AlvVERTI.SLNG    DkPARTMENT. 


1^ 


% 


li.  ('.  <  i-.A^tFiaraKk . 


D  \:»IF.L  rURXII.VRDT. 


(HAS.  1'.  TWISS. 


liUlFORD.  BlRllRDT  &  TWISS, 

M.4>'VJ_4((.irT-B.ER.'4   AND   DKAI.KKS   IM   AIJ,   KINDS    OK 

FURNITURE  &  UPHOLSTERY. 

Oomplete  bi'^  of  Parlor  and  Bed-room  Fm'niture 

Ma<lt'  of  Oak,  >rupl«'  unci  Alclor  >rnteii*lal. 

TTJI?,3SrXISrC3-     OF     .A.3L.IL.     KlIOSriDS 

KXB(  rr-ED  WITH   SEATiVESS  AND  DISPATCH. 
MAIN  STREET.  OLYMPIA;  LOWER  FALLS,  TUMWATER, 

The  Trade  supplied  upon  Liberal  Terms. 
KELLETT  &  SCOTT, 

1>KAI.KHS    IX  ' 

GENERAL    MERCHANDISE, 

\yi)    MANCFACXrUKUS   OK 

M.UX  J^TRFpyr.  OLYMPIA,  W.  T. 

CHAS.  M.  BRADSHAW, 

POKI  10W>->EXT).  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

PA^CIFIC    HOTKT., 

Olyiiipm.,      AVn. sh.il  it^t  on      Territory. 

WTT.I>    HARMO>,    PROPRIETOR. 

'i'liin  well  ktiuwi.   i  •  ■^rabliHliiMl  Iiotil  is  carrioil  on  with  strict  regard  U> 

r!ui  I'otiifort  of  its  quests. 

1M>AI«I>   ItV  T^IIK   1>.W  Oil  WliX'Ilv. 


-^ 


p.  TWISS. 


11 


ERY. 

niture 

lal. 

H. 
IflWATER, 

3rms. 


DISE, 


^K^SS. 


ORY. 


•ritorv. 

itrict  i\'f,^iiril  ti' 


Advertising  Depaktmkxt. 


XXI 


Or,    Sell-Oeiien*atiii^    Cxas   I^anip, 

>S   TlIK  CIIKAI'KST    I.KillT    KNOWN.       NO   SMOKINC;,   NO  CHI.MNKV, 

111)  ilropphit^rt,  and  will  biini  ten  liours  lor  one  I'ciit. 

FOR  SALE,  WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL. 
ALBERT  A.  MANNING,  OLYMPIA,  W.  T., 

Holt'  A«eiit   r<»v  tlio  Ptiollle  CohmI. 

AOKNTS    WANTKI)    inKllYWlIKUE. 


^ 


*v^!„„^!!,>^<. 


ESTABLISIIMKNT, 


Olyiiiiiia,    AViiNliiiitftwii    'IVrrilory, 


(? 


R.   H.   HEWITT,   PROPEIETCR. 


KvicKV  i>i;scKirri()N  ov 


PLAIN   AND  COLORED   PRINTING, 

TAliDS.  (•lli;('KS.  UILI.-IIKADS.  <  IKcl  l.AKS.    SI'OCK   CKKTIKI- 

CATKS.    I'A.MI'Ill.ETS.    l'l{0(;i{A.MMF>,    .Mol{T(iA(;KS, 

J)KKI)S.  I,K(;AI.  BLANKS.  TOWNSIIII'  I'LATS. 

Neatly.    Promptly   and  at  Reasonable   Rates. 

N.  B.-This  Office  is  not  connected  with  any  newspaper. 

Albert  Eggers  &  Co., 

DKAI.KHS    IN 

FRUITS,  FRURT  TREES,  ORNAMENTAL  SHRUBBERY, 

F.  TARBELL, 

Uli]Al^    li:Sl\ATi:     AC^KMT 

.VikI    Oolleotor    of*     daiiTi«. 

MAIN  s'rRi':i<:T,  olympia,  Washington  territory. 


.  St 


XXII 


AUVEKTISINO    DePARTMKNT. 


I 


IT 


OJ.YMPTA^ 

BOOT  &  SHOE  MANrFACTOKY, 

L.  A.  TREEN  &  CO.,  PROPRIETORS. 


KIP  AND  STOGA  BOOTS  AND  SH0E8 

tONSTANTI.V  ON   HAM)   AND  FOK  SALE, 

Wliolesale  and  l^etjiil. 


Ull.l.     MAKIO     TO     Ol{|)KI{     AX1>     KKKI'     COXSTANTLY     FOlt    SALE, 
A  GENERAL  ASSORTMENT  OF  GENTLEMEN'S 

FINE  CALF  AND  KIP  BOOTS  AND  SHOES, 

LiADIIi:!<»>  ANL»  CHILDREN'S  WEAH  OK  AI^I^  KINDS. 

liKHAlltIN(;     DOXK      WITH      XEATXESS     AXI>      IHSI'ATCII. 
AdTA-irsT    ST.,    OL-Ylv/m-A.,    "W.    T. 

S.  N.  COOPER, 
r.ITs^COLN    MILLS, 

UEALEK    IN 

FLOUR,  FEED,  CORN  MEAL  AND  GRAIN  OF  ALL  KINDS. 


<i.   A.    ItAUNKS. 


v..   1,.  SMITH. 


W.   II.  A  Vi;i!Y 


C.  A.  BARNES  &  CO., 

B  A N K  E R S,  13  HO  K E K S, 


AND 


<jrenei*al  Land  A^g-ents, 
OLYMPIA,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

TAXKS  I'AIP  FOR  N()\-IIK81I)KXTS,  ETC.,  ET<'. 


s 


OUY, 

^s. 

HOE.S 


■'()I{    SAI.K, 
EN'S 

SHOES, 

VDS. 

\T('li. 


L  KINDS. 


rt.  11.  AVKItY. 


CK8, 


ORY, 


At)VKRri8lNO    DkI'ARTMKNT. 


XXTIT 


Tacoma  Hotel. 

Silas  Oalliher,  Jr*ropri(^tor. 

No  pains  will  be  spared  to  make  this  the  best 
,.        Hotel  in  the  Territory. 

The  Table  ^ivlH  ml\rmye  coii<>iin  the  very  beot  the  market  afTords. 

MAIN  STREET,  OLYMPIA,  W.  T.       , 


STONE  &  BURNETT, 

Iniporteit*,  Wlioloi-ittle  niid  I{(;tall  I>t'alors  lit 

GENERAL     MERCHANDISE. 

('oininercial    Street. 

SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

C.  CROSBY, 

\THOLKS.\LK   .\ND   KETAII.   DKALER   IN 

GENERAL     MERCHANDISE, 

TUMWATER.  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

Washington  Brewery, 

STEILACOOM,  W.  T. 

IJeiulK^ld  &  Stiitli,  Proprietors, 

MALSTEES  AND  BREWERS  OF  LAGER  BEER. 

oKHEItS  I'ROMI'TLY  EXKCUTKD. 

Puget    Sound     Brewery, 

J.  A\'.  T^ock(%  l-*roprietor. 

WHOI.KSAI.K   AXI)    UETAII,. 

ORDERS  SOLICITED  FROM  ALL    PARTS    OF     THE   SOIXI*. 


II      ^ 

li 
|l     t 


* 


i 


ADVERTISEING   DEPARTMENT 

AmliTdon  iV,  iMooro.  Snlodu  Kcciii'is,  Scjittlc '■ •/'ape  ,'> 

Kurtli'tt,  C.  ('.,  Mt-rt'liitut,  I'oi't  'ruwuiiuntl ; 

liiirni'H,  <f.  A.,  lliiiikcrN,  (llyiiii)iii 'i;' 

Itarni'H,  Hiol,  'riimmii,  (>lyiii|ilii :;. 

Hi-owii,  S.  W.,  NurNfryniiiu,  Nuiicoiivcr I 

!tJuiMHU«>r  1^1  l''ruiiimi,  MrrrliioitN.  Olviiipla In 

ltd)  I  til  A-  Co.,  Iliitrlici-K,  Seattle  a  nil  i'ort  'I'DWiiHeiul \:; 

liriiilMlmw,  ChiiN,  M.,  Attiiriiey ,  I'ort  'I'owiiHemI .Mi 

(>)lliliK.  .1.,  .V  Co.,  Hotel  Keepefx,  .Sent tie 

Cleiil,  .1.  II.  Itatli   lloiiHe  Keepoi-,  I  llyiiipia 

Cniwlonl,  llaniliart  &  TwIhs,  Kiiniitiire  Miiiiut'erH,  Olyinpla  iiiul  Tuiinvater.  '.'ii 

(^>oliil)H,  S.  K.,  NeWH  DealtM',  Seattle IT 

Carr,  A.  1'.,  l*lioto;4:raplier,  'raeonia ;> 

Cooper,  S.  N.,  I.liieoln    MIIIk,  Turn  water •.'? 

OiLvliy,  ('.,  Mereliaiit,  T  mil  water ;.':[ 

Coulter,  T.,  Cooper.  Seiitlle K 

Dooley  &  KopirH,  ISutelierH,  Olyiiipla l\ 

Dver  &  (  oHffrove,  Livery  Stable,  Seattle l:; 

KlHeiibeiH,  (^lian.,  Uaker,  I'ort  Towiirtend. IV 

Ka^fan,  Clias.,  Baker,  <  Hyiiipia ; 

K};;,'erH,  A.,  &  Co.,  NiirKeryineii,  ()lyiiil>ia ijl 

(ierrlMli,  ().  K.,  A  Co.,  i'ort  TowiiHeiiil 

(liddiuf^H  A-  Lowell,  Keal  KHtale  A).;(  nts,  Olyiiiiiia i 

(iilllaiii,  \V    II.,  Coiiiiiilsr-ioii  lleiiler,  Seattle .', 

(iooiltiiiie,  LoiiiHa,  .Mereliaiit,  Steilaeooiii .'i 

Gritliik,  II.  E.,  Caipeiiler.OIyinpia II 

(iiitteiiber;,'-,  racilie  (ianleiiH,  Seattle !•,' 

<;allilier.  S.,  Hotel  Iveepi^r,  <)lyiii|iia -ss 

llaiiNoii,  AekerHoii  it  Co.,   Liiiiilieniien,  Taeoiiui •,' 

II  ill,  X.  I).,  Drill;  L'ist,  I'ort  Town  wend ■,' 

1 1  lint,  •).  •!.,  Hotel  Keeper,  I'ort  TowiiHend l'> 

Hall  \-  Hill,  Carpenter,  .Seattle ,.  i.V 

llainiiioiid,  Will.,  Marine  Areliitect,  Seattle 1.^ 

llariiion.  Hill,  Hotel  Keeper,  ()lyin|iia -Jii 

llirseli,  I,.,  Mereliaiit,  Olyiiipla.. ,,..  i; 

Ilartley,  II.,  Seed  I'otatoes,  <)lyiiii)ia l> 

Hewitt,  II.  H.,  I'rintcr,  Olyiiipia -jl 

•iiulsoii,  .loliu  I'.,  Attorney,  I'ort  TowiiHOiiil \z 

Kellctt  &  Scott,  MereliantB,  Olyinpia -jn 

Lowe,  T.  G.,  A'.  Co.,  Hook  Store,  (Mynipia n 

Latham,  .loliii,  Drnfjff^ist,  Steilacooni > 

Looke,  J.  \V.,  lire  we  r,  Steilacooni -jlt 

Keacli,  r.,  Merchant,  Steilacooni ■,' 

Slclteavy  \-  I'urdy,  Merchaiils,   L'nion  City 1 

MaddoeKB,  M.  I!.i  l)rUL'j4iHt,  Seattle ir 

Moore,  K.  .1.,  ISoot  and  Shoe  Sliop,  Seattle > 

Monet,  M.  V.,  Hotel,  .Seattle s 

Mitchell,  C.  L.,  Saihller,  Seattle 1.- 

Maiininf,'-,  A.  A.,  At,'-eiit  (or  Scales, and  Self-tjoiicriitlngGus  Laiup,()lynii)ia..l.s,  vM 

K orris,  .lohu  T.,  'i'iimian,  I'ort  Townseud :i 

Newton  iV  Kaines,  Saloon  Keepers,  Seattle 7 

Torclval,  S.  \V.,  .Merchant,  «)lyini>ia in 

Parker,  .L  G.,  Insurance  Ayeiit,  Olympia IJ 

Phillips,  Hortoii  &  Co.,  ISankers,  Siiattle K. 

Kcinits  Leonard,  Haker,  Seattle 1 

Heinhold  &  Stnth,  IJrewers,  Steilacooni •,':; 

Suil'ern,  .1.  A.  Steamer  I'roiirictor,  Seattle Ill 

Stewart  &  Andrews,  Tinners,  Seattle Hi 

Btoni^  &  Uurnett,  Merchants,  Seattle ■,':! 

Stevens,  Hazard.  Slaps,  Olympia I 

Hliee'iau,  .1.  V\,  Tinner,  Port  't'ownseiid •.' 

Slio'cy,  H.  C,  iV  (;o.,  iler;  haiits,  Moiitleello C. 

.Stellen  <V  I'.rothers,  liriekniakers,  Seattle ^ 

Turner,  G.  G.,  I)rngf,Mst,  O'viniiia H 

Treon,  L.  A.,  .t  Co.,  Itoot  and  Shoe  Mauufa<'tory,  Olympia 'j.' 

Tarhell,  K..  Keal  Estate  Af4Ciit,  Olympia -il 

Wyche,  .J.  K.,  Attorney   Oly  mi>ia 1 ; 

Wiijjlit,  1!.  I''.,  it  Co.,  ftiitchers,  Steilacooni i;> 

Wood,  .1.  C.  it  ,1.  .'|{.,  Hrewers,  Olyinjiia H 

Woodward, ./.  A..  Baker,  Seattle '.' 

>Villey  iV  Co.,  Mei;chaiits,  ArcM<lia ii 

Waddle,  I.,  riniicr,  Seattle I'i 

R.  H.  Hewitt,  Priuter,  Olyiiipin,  W.  T. 


snll  :i!oii!. 


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ix'|'|':i;li(;I':.\('I<]    officii] 

AND  LABOR  EXCHANGE. 


I'iU'tics  desii'iu;^  iiit'Dniiation  rcspi'ctiiii;  I'lij^ct  Soimd  iunl  vicinity 
will  rcci'ivc  spi'tiial  uiiswt'rs  to  iluiir  iiuiuiries  by  fiiclo'.inp,'  one  ilolhir, 

lliiviiij,'  acted  as  United  States  Deputy  Surveyor  for  several  years, 
and  sul)divideil  large  tracts  of  1  uid  lying  oast  and  adjaeonl  to  I'nget 
Sound,  the  undersigned  pcjsstsses  cuniplele  knowledge  respecting  llie 
siiil  along  ilk'  li;ie  fi\'  the  i  lilroad.  nd  « 11!  g;ve  'i  irtii  ul  ir  ;iltentii'n  li 
land  matters. 

All  (pu  stioiis  |)'il;iining  to  nn  i,itr!|!i'"nee  lul^illl•ss  will  I'eerix" 
Ml' I'm  1  all.  iiiioii  and  pi(iin[)l  answers  retniiied. 

Ai'tii'  a  i'lsidei'.ce  i'l  til''  vicinity  nf  ih"  Siniid  i'lr  >  vi'iitn-n  \  rar^;, 
and  i'recpier.i  prrsiur.d  iuspcctinii  h.  ciuii  I'.iinili,:!'  \\ii!i  i!p'  topogia- 
|)hy  of  tlie  country  IVmn  tin-  ('ol!unl>ia  Kivir  to  llie  nnriln'rn  h  iuiid;iry, 
till'  undersigned  I'l'els  C')ni|)etent  to  gi\e  iiil'onnation  liased  upon  ol)st'i'- 
viition. 

Corrrspoiidrnts  will  jdiMse  nuiulxr  ili'.ir  ([ueslioiis.  'I'liiir  smim- 
iiiimieatior.s  will  he  riturned   in  idl  ea^es. 

Sample  copies  of  local  pupris  sent  free  upim  ;ippli':ilion. 

Address.  h:.  .^ir.B':iiEI{, 


mo  !  7r  SOI  X  d 


A  N I ) 


TI^E       l<TT:r'^Ji7-       TVT03PvTPir-"\7^BST- 


Tliis  hook  will  contain  a  more  extended  descriptiim  of  Washing- 
ton Territory  than  any  heretofore  jjuhlislied :  also,  a  full  and  com- 
plete description  of  the  country  ahmg  the  line  (d'  the  Norther:-.  I'acilio 
Railroad  from  Lake  Superior  to  I'uget  Sound. 

Will    Ix'   S(>1(1    1 )  y   Sul>>'cri])l  ioji. 

A  limited  ntimher  rS  advertisements  will  he  admitted. 

For  turns,  address.  IL  M1'',KK1^U, 

Olympia,  Washington  Territory. 


Ti^E  feo:e>ii.:e's  i^a^i^eir,. 


ri^ 


rilE     OLYMPIA     Tl!ANS(l!iPT. 

IMHI.ISIIKD  WKKKI.V   M 

<>l,>iiipia,     >Vasliin*!;t<»»»     T«?i*i*itoi*.v , 

E.  T.  (JINN.  KDITOK  A.\]>  I'ROPKIETOR. 


s  ^ 


Since  the  location  of  the  Nortlieni   >'acJ6c  K.ailri'oud  ro'it*-  in  the 
vicinity  of  the   Sonncl,   and  thf    vvItlKlrawal  of  tfee   odd   siHitions    for 
twenty  miles  on  each  side  of  the  line,  and  the  active  operations'   now 
fi^oiiiju;  on  preparatory  to  the  hnildiiij;;  of  twenty-five  miiesof  th^'fo-id  neaf  ' 
the  Sound  durin<^  tlie  suinnier  of  1871.  accordinp  !•"   'he  terms  i>f  the* 
charter,  an  extraordinary  inquiry    lias   spvung    uji  ng    fh*   re- 

sources of  this  portion  of  Washington  Territorj-.  To  satisfy  this  de- 
mand for  information,  the  Tuansckii'T  will  ooutinw  '.•'  ' ''  '  Itserlp- 
tive  articles  of  all  parts  of  the  Territory,  written  ■,  .  ;  .,  fur  this 
paper  i)y  competent  and  observing  correspondents. 

To  parties  contemplating  removal  hith<r.  ;r 
infofination  respeetinp  Puget  Sound  and  W.ishin^ 
proyrrss  and  direction  (if  tile  railroad  surveys,  .nd  iiiipro^eHVi'iit*..  10 
fact,  all  current  uveiils  of  interest,  can  v(  euro  sucii  :nf«>f initio!  1  in  no 
way  so  relialiie  and  clienp  as  liy  sui)scrihing  for  thi-  TitiXsCRIKr 

This  pa|)er  will  alw:iys  give  the  xcry  latest  new*  !»y  ulfgr.iph   u]) 
to   the   Imur  of  pnlilieation.       Wi'  will  spare  no  exjic-niie  to  renderiiy||<i 
the  news  coliinms  of  tlie  'i'li.Wscuil'T  complct''  in  evi-nr  res|>»'Ct.  # 

XElrllS/^S    OF    STJESCKIJ^XIOKTr 

I'tr    Aiiiiniii.   ill   mlv^iin'«' <$:<  <HI 

'  Kor  <Iir«'«'   iiioiilliN 1  <M> 

M)\i:i!risix(!  AT  iu-:.\sf>SM:].K  i:atks. 


_'  bona  Jiile 
1  r-rnfo.'v.  the 


THE  TRANSCRIPT  JOB  OFFICE 

])os<e--...s.sn|)i  I  ii  1  facilities  I'or  the   execution  of  t-vt-n    %aritty  nt  job 
/    work  in  a  neat  manner  uud  i\ith  desjiatch. 


■H 


wKiu    \u.vKi)i;ii  IS  AT  Ji;i 

for     ew:  ,iaper  ])rintiiii:  and  for  job  work,   and  we  Ut\  confitlent  that  we 

can  -nit  lh.'  tastes  of  ull  onr  patrons. 


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